References
Kristen MJ Azar, MPH, MSN, RN; Suneil Koliwad, MD, PhD; Tak Poon, MD; Lan Xiao, PhD; Nan Lv, PhD; Robert Griggs, BA; Jun Ma, MD PhD. (2016). The Electronic CardioMetabolic Program (eCMP) for Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 1-13.
Mills-Peninsula Health Services. (2005). SK Adult Pilot Data. 1-12.
AMA Says Obesity is a Disease — Now What? - Healthy Living Blog. (07/01/2013). Retrieved from https://www.mylifestages.org/blog/Blog.page?blogId=haei73up&entryId=hhuudj5w
Koliwad, SK, Littrell, S, and Poon, TC. (2005). A patient-centered lifestyle modification program to treat metabolic syndrome in the community. Diabetes & Vasc. Dis. Res. 2(3): 170.
American College of Physicians. (2015). Efficacy of Commercial Weight-Loss Programs: An Updated Systematic Review Efficacy of Commercial Weight-Loss Programs. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(7):501-512. doi:10.7326/M14-2238.
Tsai AG, Wadden TA. (2005). Systematic Review: An Evaluation of Major Commercial Weight Loss Programs in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:56-66.
Laurie Barclay, MD. (2007). Certain Factors Associated With Weight Regain After Weight Loss - American Journal of Preventive Medicine.
Kimberly A. Gudzune, MD, MPH; Ruchi S. Doshi, BA; Ambereen K. Mehta, MD, MPH; Zoobia W. Chaudhry, MD; David K. Jacobs, BA; Rachit M. Vakil, BS; Clare J. Lee, MD; Sara N. Bleich, PhD; and Jeanne M. Clark, MD, MPH. (2015). Efficacy of Commercial Weight-Loss Programs An Updated Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:501-512. doi:10.7326/M14-2238 - www.annals.org.
Jebb SA, Ahern AL, Olson AD et al. Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2011; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61344-5. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com.
Lisa Nainggolan. (2011). Weight Watchers Doubles Weight Loss Compared With GPs. Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Parker Brown. (2016). Weight Loss Programs Seem to Lag Behind Treatment Guidelines - Clinicians may have difficulty finding effective programs to refer patients with obesity. http://www.medpagetoday.com/Endocrinology/Obesity/56123?xid=nl_mpt_DHE_2016-02-11&eun=g391445d0r
Kimberly A. Gudzune, MD, MPH*; Ruchi S. Doshi, BA*; Ambereen K. Mehta, MD, MPH; Zoobia W. Chaudhry, MD; David K. Jacobs, BA; Rachit M. Vakil, BS; Clare J. Lee, MD; Sara N. Bleich, PhD; and Jeanne M. Clark, MD, MPH. (2015). Efficacy of Commercial Weight-Loss Programs: An Updated Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(7):501-512. doi:10.7326/M14-2238.
Christina C. Wee, MD, MPH. (2015). The Role of Commercial Weight-Loss Programs - The Role of Commercial Weight-Loss Programs. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(7):522-523. doi:10.7326/M15-0429
Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, et al. Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 304:1803-1810. Article
Dow CA, Thomson CA, Flatt SW, et al. Predictors of improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors with weight loss in women. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; DOI:10.1161/JAHA.113.000152. Abstract
Marlene Busko. (2013). Modest Weight Loss Lowers CVD Risk in Middle-Aged Women. Medscape. Dec 18, 2013.
Wadden TA, Volger S, Sarwer DB, et al. A two-year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1969-1979. Abstract
Appel LJ, Clark JM, Yeh HC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1959-1968. Abstract
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010;303:235-241. Abstract
Rodondi N, Humair JP, Ghali WA, et al. Counseling overweight and obese patients in primary care: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13:222-228. Abstract
Armstrong MJ, Mottershead TA, Ronksley PE, Sigal RJ, Campbell TS, Hemmelgarn BR. Motivational interviewing to improve weight loss in overweight and/or obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2011;12:709-723. Abstract
Shaw KA, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C, Kenardy J. Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD003818.
Befort CA, Nollen N, Ellerbeck EF, Sullivan DK, Thomas JL, Ahluwalia JS. Motivational interviewing fails to improve outcomes of a behavioral weight loss program for obese African American women: a pilot randomized trial. J Behav Med. 2008;31:367-377. Abstract
Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:778-785. Abstract
Tsai AG, Wadden TA. Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:56-66. Abstract
Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA. Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304:1803-1810. Abstract
Spielman AB, Kanders B, Kienholz M, Blackburn GL. The cost of losing: an analysis of commercial weight-loss programs in a metropolitan area. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992;11:36-41. Abstract
Jolly K, Lewis A, Beach J, et al. Comparison of range of commercial or primary care led weight reduction programmes with minimal intervention control for weight loss in obesity: Lighten Up randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;343:D6500.
Charles P. Vega, MD. (2012). How Do We Reduce Obesity? Let Me Count the Weigh-ins.
Truby H and Bonham M. What makes a weight loss programme successful? BMJ 2011 Nov 3; 343:d6629.
Jolly K et al. Comparison of range of commercial or primary care led weight reduction programmes with minimal intervention control for weight loss in obesity: Lighten Up randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011 Nov 3; 343:d6500.
Paul S. Mueller, MD, MPH, FACP. (2012). For Losing Weight, Commercial Programs Are Better and Cheaper Than Noncommercial Programs. Journal Watch © 2011 Massachusetts Medical Society
Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al. (2013). Nutrition Therapy Recommendations for the Management of Adults With Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013;Oct 9.
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2015). 2015 U.S. Diet Guideline Summary.
Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: A Global Perspective. (2018). WCRF. https://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Summary-third-expert-report.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008. ODPHP Publication No. U0036. Available at: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines. Accessed August 6, 2015.
The Dietary Guidelines. http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/
Guidelines and Supporting Key Recommendations of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Guidelines. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2481221
Amy A. Gorin. (2018). Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Ripple Effect of a Nationally Available Weight Management Program on Untreated Spouses. 10.1002/oby.22098
JAMA Pediatr, Ashlesha Datar, PhD; Nancy Nicosia, PhD. Published online January 22, 2018. Association of Exposure to Communities With Higher Ratios of Obesity with Increased Body Mass Index and Risk of Overweight and Obesity Among Parents and Children. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.4882
Liam Davenport. (2018). dTMS for Food Cravings. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897237?nlid=122775_4502&src=wnl_dne_180528_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1643714&faf=1
Becky McCall. (2015). Only One in 210 Obese Men Reach Healthy Weight. American Journal of Public Health. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302773
Am J Public Health. 2015:e1-e6. Abstract
Marlene Busko, Marietta Charakida, PhD of University College London, United Kingdom, and colleagues. (2014). Even Transient Weight Loss in Lifetime Helps Heart Health. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(14)70103-2/fulltext
HealthDay News. (2014). “Crash” as good as 'Slow and Steady' Weight Loss. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.
Arnett et al. (2019). 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary. ahajournals.org
New AHA/ACC CVD Primary Prevention Guideline - Medscape - Mar 17, 2019.
John Anello; Brian Feinberg; John Heinegg; Yonah Korngold; Richard Lindsey; Cristina Wojdylo; Olivia Wong, DO. (2018). New Clinical Practice Guidelines. https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/894827_1
John Anello; Brian Feinberg; John Heinegg; Yonah Korngold; Richard Lindsey; Cristina Wojdylo; Olivia Wong, DO. (2018). New Clinical Practice Guidelines. https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/892328_3
2018 Cardiology Clinical Practice Guidelines. https://reference.medscape.com/sites/2018-cardiology-guidelines?src=WNL_drugguide_190123_MSCPREF&uac=69692CG&impID=1866659&faf=1
Vincent Pallazola, MD; Rhanderson Cardoso, MD; Roger S. Blumenthal, MD, FACC; Seth Shay Martin, MD, MHS, FACC. (2018). 2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guideline Table. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/906776_1
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;Nov13:[Epub ahead of print].
John Anello; Brian Feinberg; John Heinegg; Yonah Korngold; Richard Lindsey; Cristina Wojdylo; Olivia Wong, DO. (2018). Key Cardiology Clinical Practice Guidelines in 2017. https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/890829?src=wnl_drugguide_180122_mscpref&uac=69692CG&impID=1538082&faf=1
http://journals.aace.com/doi/pdf/10.4158/EP161365.GL
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1161/STR. 0b013e318284056a.
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/
January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Field ME, Calkins H, Murray KT, Cleveland Jr JC, Sacco RL, Cigarroa JE, Stevenson WG, Conti JB, Tchou PJ, Ellinor PT, Tracy CM, Ezekowitz MD, Yancy CW, 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary, Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014), doi: 10.1016/ j.jacc.2014.03.021.
Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP III, Guyton RA, O’Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM III, Thomas JD, 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary, Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.537.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109713006839?via%3Dihub
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.072
Executive Summary: Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. (2013). doi;10.1161/01.cir.0000436752.99896.22. http://circ.ahajournals.org
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.005
Stone NJ, et al. (2013). ACC/AHA Blood Cholesterol Guideline
2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/11/11/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a.citation
AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update : A Guideline From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2011/11/01/CIR.0b013e318235eb4d.citation
2015 Guidelines New Points. (2015). http://reference.medscape.com/features/slideshow/guidelines-review/2015/year-in-review/cardiology?src=wnl_drugguide_160127_mscpref&uac=69692CG&impID=971040&faf=1#page=11
Krakoff LR, Gillespie RL, Ferdinand KC, et al. (2014). 2014 Hypertension Recommendations From the Eighth Joint National Committee Panel Members Raise Concerns for Elderly Black and Female Populations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:394-402.
Debabrata Mukherjee, M.D., F.A.C.C. (2014). Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014;May 1:[Epub ahead of print].
Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.028. Available here. Circulation 2007; DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185752. Available here.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;Sep 23:[Epub ahead of print]. ACC/AHA Unveil New Guideline for Treating Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al.. (2014). 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;Aug 1:[Epub ahead of print].
Meschia JF, Bushnell C, Boden-Albala B, et al. (2014). Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014;Oct 29:[Epub ahead of print].
Fattori R, Cao P, De Rango P, et al. (2013). Interdisciplinary Expert Consensus Document on Management of Type B Aortic Dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1661-1678
Dharmarajan K, Hsieh AF, Lin Z, et al. (2013). Diagnoses and Timing of 30-Day Readmissions After Hospitalization for Heart Failure, Acute Myocardial Infarction, or Pneumonia JAMA 2013;309:355-363.
Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, et al. (2013). 2013 ESC Guidelines on the Management of Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Coronary Artery Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2013;Aug 30:[Epub ahead of print].
Tonelli M, Wanner C, on behalf of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Lipid Guideline Development Work Group Members. (2013). Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: Synopsis of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2013 Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med 2013;Dec 10:[Epub ahead of print].
Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al., on behalf of the CHANCE Investigators. (2013). Clopidogrel With Aspirin in Acute Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. N Engl J Med 2013;369:11-19.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289:2560-1572.
Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, et al. (2012). 2012 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2007 Guideline and Replacing the 2011 Focused Update): A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;Jul 16:[Epub ahead of print].
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(23):2432-2446. © 2011 Elsevier Science, Inc. © 2006 American College of Cardiology
Debabrata Mukherjee, M.D., F.A.C.C. (Disclosure) J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;Jul 16:[Epub ahead of print].
Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of CVD in women--2011 update. A guideline from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820faaf8. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org.
ACCF/AHA Task Force Members; 12/22/2010; J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(25):2182-2199. © 2010 Elsevier Science, Inc.
Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, Benjamin EJ, Budoff MJ, Fayad ZA, Foster E, Hlatky MA, Hodgson JMcB, Kushner FG, Lauer MS, Shaw LJ, Smith SC, Jr., Taylor AJ, Weintraub WS, Wenger NK. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:2182–99.
JAMA Weighs In on CVD Guidance, Statins in Primary Prevention. Medscape. Nov 25, 2013.
Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;Nov 12:[Epub ahead of print].
Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;Nov 12:[Epub ahead of print].
Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Coady S, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;Nov 12:[Epub ahead of print].
Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;Nov 12:[Epub ahead of print].
Medicine. CoSfDTCPGIo. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2011.
2. Gibbons GH, Harold JG, Jessup M, Robertson RM, Oetgen W. Next Steps in Developing Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prevention. Circulation 2013.
3. Gibbons GH, Shurin SB, Mensah GA, Lauer MS. Refocusing the Agenda on Cardiovascular Guidelines: An Announcement From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1396-1398.
4. National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults—The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998;6 Suppl 2:51S–209S.
5. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010;303:235–41.
6. Ogden CL, Carroll MD. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2007–2008. 2010.
7. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of Obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief 2012;Jan:1–8.
8. Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;377:1341–52. Erratum in: Lancet. 2011 Apr 30;377(9776):1494.
9. Allison DB, Ryan DH, Peterson CA, Troupin B, Schwiers ML, Day WW. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;377:1341–52.
10. Garvey WT, Ryan DH, Look M et al. Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:297–308.
11. Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Anderson CM et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med 2010;363:245–56.
12. Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B et al. A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3067–77.
13. O'Neil PM, Smith SR, Weissman NJ et al. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012;20:1426–36.
14. O'Meara S, Riemsma R, Shirran L, Mather L, ter Riet G. A rapid and systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of orlistat in the management of obesity. Health Technol Assess 2001;5:1–81.
15. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A et al. Efficacy of pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1395–404.
16. Gray LJ, Cooper N, Dunkley A et al. A systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of obesity. Obes Rev 2012;13:483–98.
17. Zhou YH, Ma XQ, Wu C et al. Effect of anti-obesity drug on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2012;7:e39062.
18. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012;307:491–7.
19. Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA et al. Benefits of Modest Weight Loss in Improving Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1481–1486.
20. Wing RR. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1566–75.
21. Gillies CL, Abrams KR, Lambert PC et al. Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007;334:299.
22. Astrup A, Ryan L, Grunwald GK et al. The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies. Br J Nutr 2000;83 Suppl 1:S25–32.
23. Aucott L, Gray D, Rothnie H, Thapa M, Waweru C. Effects of lifestyle interventions and long-term weight loss on lipid outcomes - a systematic review. Obes Rev 2011;12:e412–25.
24. Aucott L, Rothnie H, McIntyre L, Thapa M, Waweru C, Gray D. Long-term weight loss from lifestyle intervention benefits blood pressure?: a systematic review. Hypertension 2009;54:756–62.
25. Bales CW, Buhr G. Is obesity bad for older persons? A systematic review of the pros and cons of weight reduction in later life. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008;9:302–12.
26. Dyson PA. A review of low and reduced carbohydrate diets and weight loss in type 2 diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet 2008;21:530–8.
27. Harrington M, Gibson S, Cottrell RC. A review and meta-analysis of the effect of weight loss on all-cause mortality risk. Nutr Res Rev 2009;22:93–108.
28. Kim SH, Lee YM, Jee SH, Nam CM. Effect of sibutramine on weight loss and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Obes Res 2003;11:1116–23.
29. Laederach-Hofmann K, Messerli-Burgy N, Meyer K. Long-term effects of non-surgical therapy for obesity on cardiovascular risk management: A weighted empirical review. Z Gesundh Wiss 2008;16:21–29.
30. Leung WYS, Thomas GN, Chan JCN, Tomlinson B. Weight management and current options in pharmacotherapy: orlistat and sibutramine. Clin Ther 2003;25:58–80.
31. Mannucci E, Dicembrini I, Rotella F, Rotella CM. Orlistat and sibutramine beyond weight loss. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:342–8.
32. Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:31–9.
33. Sharma AM, Golay A. Effect of orlistat-induced weight loss on blood pressure and heart rate in obese patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 2002;20:1873–8.
34. Tsai AG, Wadden TA. The evolution of very-low-calorie diets: an update and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1283–93.
35. Walker KZ, O'Dea K, Gomez M, Girgis S, Colagiuri R. Diet and exercise in the prevention of diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet 2010;23:344–52.
36. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS et al. Weight loss in obese diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and long-term diabetes outcomes--a systematic review. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004;6:85–94.
37. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term hypertension outcomes: a systematic review. Hypertension 2005;45:1035–41.
38. Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ et al. Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. Health Technol Assess 2004;8:iii–iv.
39. Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA et al. What interventions should we add to weight reducing diets in adults with obesity? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of adding drug therapy, exercise, behaviour therapy or combinations of these interventions. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004;17:293–316.
40. Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA et al. What are the long-term benefits of weight reducing diets in adults? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004;17:317–35.
41. Douketis JD, Macie C, Thabane L, Williamson DF. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1153–67.
42. Galani C, Schneider H. Prevention and treatment of obesity with lifestyle interventions: review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health 2007;52:348–59.
43. Horvath K, Jeitler K, Siering U et al. Long-term effects of weight-reducing interventions in hypertensive patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:571–80.
44. Hutton B, Fergusson D. Changes in body weight and serum lipid profile in obese patients treated with orlistat in addition to a hypocaloric diet: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1461–8.
45. Johansson K, Sundström J, Neovius K, Rössner S, Neovius M. Long-term changes in blood pressure following orlistat and sibutramine treatment: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2010;11:777–91.
46. Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati FL et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1374–83.
47. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A et al. Long-term non-pharmacologic weight loss interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD004095.
48. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J. Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with prediabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD005270.
49. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J. Pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD004096.
50. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A et al. Long-term effectiveness of lifestyle and behavioral weight loss interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2004;117:762–74.
51. Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DCW. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004:CD004094.
52. Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DCW. Long-term pharmacotherapy for overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1437–46.
53. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev 2003;4:83–90.
54. Poobalan AS, Aucott LS, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J. Long-term weight loss effects on all cause mortality in overweight/obese populations. Obes Rev 2007;8:503–13.
55. Poobalan A, Aucott L, Smith WCS et al. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term lipid outcomes--a systematic review. Obes Rev 2004;5:43–50.
56. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DCW. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007;335:1194–9.
57. Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD003817.
58. Siebenhofer A, Horvath K, Jeitler K et al. Long-term effects of weight-reducing drugs in hypertensive patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD007654.
59. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD005105.
60. Tuah NA, Amiel C, Qureshi S, Car J, Kaur B, Majeed A. Transtheoretical model for dietary and physical exercise modification in weight loss management for overweight and obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD008066.
61. Witham MD, Avenell A. Interventions to achieve long-term weight loss in obese older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2010;39:176–84.
62. Orozco LJ, Buchleitner AM, Gimenez-Perez G, Roqué I Figuls M, Richter B, Mauricio D. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD003054.
63. World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
64. Abell JE, Egan BM, Wilson PWF, Lipsitz S, Woolson RF, Lackland DT. Age and race impact the association between BMI and CVD mortality in women. Public Health Rep 2007;122:507–12.
65. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2211–9.
66. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2105–20.
67. Schulze MB, Thorand B, Fritsche A et al. Body adiposity index, body fat content and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012;55:1660-7.
68. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies C. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-13.
69. Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJE, Hoogenveen RT et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1720–8.
70. de Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J, Anand SS. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 2007;28:850–6.
71. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2009;9:88.
72. Hartemink N, Boshuizen HC, Nagelkerke NJD, Jacobs MAM, van Houwelingen HC. Combining risk estimates from observational studies with different exposure cutpoints: a meta-analysis on body mass index and diabetes type 2. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:1042–52.
73. Heiat A, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. An evidence-based assessment of federal guidelines for overweight and obesity as they apply to elderly persons. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1194–203.
74. McGee DL. Body mass index and mortality: a meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Ann Epidemiol 2005;15:87–97.
75. Owen CG, Whincup PH, Orfei L et al. Is body mass index before middle age related to coronary heart disease risk in later life? Evidence from observational studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009;33:866–77.
76. Vazquez G, Duval S, Jacobs DR, Silventoinen K. Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Rev 2007;29:115–28.
77. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Mhurchu CN. Coronary heart disease and body mass index: a systematic review of the evidence from larger prospective cohort studies. Semin Vasc Med 2002;2:369–81.
78. Wormser D, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E et al. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet 2011;377:1085–95.
79. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 2009;373:1083–96.
80. Lenz M, Richter T, Mühlhauser I. The morbidity and mortality associated with overweight and obesity in adulthood: a systematic review. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009;106:641–8.
81. Szklo M, Nieto J. Stratification and Adjustment: Multivariate Analysis in Epidemiology. Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics. 2nd ed. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007.
82. Gorber SC, Tremblay M, Moher D, Gorber B. A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2007;8:307–26.
83. McAdams MA, Van Dam RM, Hu FB. Comparison of self-reported and measured BMI as correlates of disease markers in US adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:188–96.
84. Ng SP, Korda R, Clements M et al. Validity of self-reported height and weight and derived body mass index in middle-aged and elderly individuals in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2011;35:557–63.
85. Bes-Rastrollo M, Sabate J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Validation of self-reported anthropometrics in the Adventist Health Study 2. BMC Public Health 2011;11:213.
86. Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC-Oxford participants. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:561-5.
87. DelPrete LR, Caldwell M, English C, Banspach SW, Lefebvre C. Self-reported and measured weights and heights of participants in community-based weight loss programs. J Am Diet Assoc 1992;92:1483–6.
88. Kuczmarski MF, Kuczmarski RJ, Najjar M. Effects of age on validity of self-reported height, weight, and body mass index: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:28–34; quiz 35–6.
89. Stevens J, Cai J, Juhaeri, Thun MJ, Williamson DF, Wood JL. Consequences of the use of different measures of effect to determine the impact of age on the association between obesity and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:399–407.
90. Stevens J. Impact of age on associations between weight and mortality. Nutr Rev 2000;58:129–37.
91. Smith AW, Borowski LA, Liu B et al. U.S. primary care physicians' diet-, physical activity-, and weight-related care of adult patients. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:33–42.
92. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:147–57.
93. Larsen TM, Dalskov SM, van Baak M et al. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2102–13.
94. Fleming RM. The effect of high-, moderate-, and low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Prev Cardiol 2002;5:110–8.
95. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Sinclair KB, Seger-Shippee LG, Feldman HA, Ludwig DS. Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:976–82.
96. Ashley JM, Herzog H, Clodfelter S, Bovee V, Schrage J, Pritsos C. Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: a randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group. Nutr J 2007;6:12.
97. Bertéus Forslund H, Klingström S, Hagberg H, Löndahl M, Torgerson JS, Lindroos AK. Should snacks be recommended in obesity treatment? A 1-year randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:1308–17.
98. Brehm BJ, Lattin BL, Summer SS et al. One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:215–20.
99. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617–23.
100. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Luscombe ND, Wittert GA, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:661–70.
101. Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Wilson CJ. Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1873–80.
102. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:23–32.
103. Cardillo S, Seshadri P, Iqbal N. The effects of a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet on adipocytokines in severely obese adults: three-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2006;10:99–106.
104. Chao D, Espeland MA, Farmer D et al. Effect of voluntary weight loss on bone mineral density in older overweight women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:753–9.
105. Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M. Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:23–9.
106. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:43–53.
107. Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK et al. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1023–30.
108. Davis NJ, Tomuta N, Schechter C et al. Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1147–52.
109. Ditschuneit HH, Flechtner-Mors M. Value of structured meals for weight management: risk factors and long-term weight maintenance. Obes Res 2001;9 Suppl 4:284S–289S.
110. Ditschuneit HH, Frier HI, Flechtner-Mors M. Lipoprotein responses to weight loss and weight maintenance in high-risk obese subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002;56:264–70.
111. Due A, Larsen TM, Mu H, Hermansen K, Stender S, Astrup A. Comparison of 3 ad libitum diets for weight-loss maintenance, risk of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a 6-mo randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1232–41.
112. Ello-Martin JA, Roe LS, Ledikwe JH, Beach AM, Rolls BJ. Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1465–77.
113. Flechtner-Mors M, Ditschuneit HH, Johnson TD, Suchard MA, Adler G. Metabolic and weight loss effects of long-term dietary intervention in obese patients: four-year results. Obes Res 2000;8:399–402.
114. Fontaine KR, Yang D, Gadbury GL et al. Results of soy-based meal replacement formula on weight, anthropometry, serum lipids & blood pressure during a 40-week clinical weight loss trial. Nutr J 2003;2:14.
115. Harvey-Berino J. The efficacy of dietary fat vs. total energy restriction for weight loss. Obes Res 1998;6:202–7.
116. Harvey-Berino J. Calorie restriction is more effective for obesity treatment than dietary fat restriction. Ann Behav Med 1999;21:35–9.
117. Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Stern L et al. Serum resistin is not associated with obesity or insulin resistance in humans. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2005;9:161–5.
118. Keogh JB, Clifton P. The effect of meal replacements high in glycomacropeptide on weight loss and markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1602–5.
119. Lantz H, Peltonen M, Agren L, Torgerson JS. Intermittent versus on-demand use of a very low calorie diet: a randomized 2-year clinical trial. J Intern Med 2003;253:463–71.
120. Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D et al. A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. J Nutr 2009;139:514–21.
121. Leslie WS, Lean MEJ, Baillie HM, Hankey CR. Weight management: a comparison of existing dietary approaches in a work-site setting. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:1469–75.
122. Li Z, Hong K, Saltsman P et al. Long-term efficacy of soy-based meal replacements vs an individualized diet plan in obese type II DM patients: relative effects on weight loss, metabolic parameters, and C-reactive protein. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:411–8.
123. Maki KC, Rains TM, Kaden VN, Raneri KR, Davidson MH. Effects of a reduced-glycemic-load diet on body weight, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:724–34.
124. McAuley KA, Smith KJ, Taylor RW, McLay RT, Williams SM, Mann JI. Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:342–9.
125. Morgan LM, Griffin BA, Millward DJ et al. Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors. Public Health Nutr 2009;12:799–807.
126. Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Meal replacements are as effective as structured weight-loss diets for treating obesity in adults with features of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2004;134:1894–9.
127. Pereira MA, Swain J, Goldfine AB, Rifai N, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load diet on resting energy expenditure and heart disease risk factors during weight loss. JAMA 2004;292:2482–90.
128. Poston WSC, Haddock CK, Pinkston MM et al. Weight loss with meal replacement and meal replacement plus snacks: a randomized trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1107–14.
129. Ricci TA, Heymsfield SB, Pierson RN, Stahl T, Chowdhury HA, Shapses SA. Moderate energy restriction increases bone resorption in obese postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:347–52.
130. Riedt CS, Cifuentes M, Stahl T, Chowdhury HA, Schlussel Y, Shapses SA. Overweight postmenopausal women lose bone with moderate weight reduction and 1 g/day calcium intake. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:455–63.
131. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Beach AM, Kris-Etherton PM. Provision of foods differing in energy density affects long-term weight loss. Obes Res 2005;13:1052–60.
132. Rothacker DQ, Staniszewski BA, Ellis PK. Liquid meal replacement vs traditional food: a potential model for women who cannot maintain eating habit change. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:345–7.
133. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2074–81.
134. Saris WH, Astrup A, Prentice AM et al. Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: the CARMEN study. The Carbohydrate Ratio Management in European National diets. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1310–8.
135. Seshadri P, Iqbal N, Stern L et al. A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Am J Med 2004;117:398–405.
136. Seshadri P, Samaha FF, Stern L, Chicano KL, Daily DA, Iqbal N. Free fatty acids, insulin resistance, and corrected qt intervals in morbid obesity: effect of weight loss during 6 months with differing dietary interventions. Endocr Pract 2005;11:234–9.
137. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778–85.
138. Swenson BR, Saalwachter Schulman A, Edwards MJ et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet on post laparoscopic gastric bypass weight loss: a prospective randomized trial. J Surg Res 2007;142:308–13.
139. Tanumihardjo SA, Valentine AR, Zhang Z, Whigham LD, Lai HJ, Atkinson RL. Strategies to increase vegetable or reduce energy and fat intake induce weight loss in adults. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009;234:542–52.
140. Tapsell LC, Batterham MJ, Teuss G et al. Long-term effects of increased dietary polyunsaturated fat from walnuts on metabolic parameters in type II diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63:1008–15.
141. Tay J, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh J, Clifton PM. Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:59–67.
142. Thompson WG, Rostad Holdman N, Janzow DJ, Slezak JM, Morris KL, Zemel MB. Effect of energy-reduced diets high in dairy products and fiber on weight loss in obese adults. Obes Res 2005;13:1344–53.
143. Thorpe MP, Jacobson EH, Layman DK, He X, Kris-Etherton PM, Evans EM. A diet high in protein, dairy, and calcium attenuates bone loss over twelve months of weight loss and maintenance relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate diet in adults. J Nutr 2008;138:1096–100.
144. Vázquez C, Montagna C, Alcaraz F et al. Meal replacement with a low-calorie diet formula in weight loss maintenance after weight loss induction with diet alone. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63:1226–32.
145. Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, Polley BA, Lang W. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:350–9.
146. Zemel MB, Richards J, Milstead A, Campbell P. Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in African-American adults. Obes Res 2005;13:1218–25.
147. Zemel MB, Thompson W, Milstead A, Morris K, Campbell P. Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults. Obes Res 2004;12:582–90.
148. Skov AR, Toubro S, Bülow J, Krabbe K, Parving HH, Astrup A. Changes in renal function during weight loss induced by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:1170–7.
149. Skov AR, Toubro S, Rønn B, Holm L, Astrup A. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:528–36.
150. Torgerson JS, Agren L, Sjöström L. Effects on body weight of strict or liberal adherence to an initial period of VLCD treatment. A randomised, one-year clinical trial of obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:190–7.
151. Ashley JM, St Jeor ST, Schrage JP et al. Weight control in the physician's office. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1599–604.
152. Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Prentice AM et al. Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:11–20.
153. Skov AR, Haulrik N, Toubro S, Mølgaard C, Astrup A. Effect of protein intake on bone mineralization during weight loss: a 6-month trial. Obes Res 2002;10:432–8.
154. Wien MA, Sabaté JM, Iklé DN, Cole SE, Kandeel FR. Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1365–72.
155. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1283–90.
156. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Lanou AJ. Effects of a low-fat vegan diet and a Step II diet on macro- and micronutrient intakes in overweight postmenopausal women. Nutrition 2004;20:738–46.
157. Wadden TA, Foster GD, Sarwer DB et al. Dieting and the development of eating disorders in obese women: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:560–8.
158. Lejeune MPGM, Kovacs EMR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr 2005;93:281–9.
159. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ et al. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia 2005;48:8–16.
160. Burke LE, Styn MA, Steenkiste AR, Music E, Warziski M, Choo J. A randomized clinical trial testing treatment preference and two dietary options in behavioral weight management: preliminary results of the impact of diet at 6 months—PREFER study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2007–17.
161. Pittas AG, Roberts SB, Das SK et al. The effects of the dietary glycemic load on type 2 diabetes risk factors during weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2200–9.
162. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007;297:2092–102.
163. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR. A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:2276–81.
164. Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:306–14.
165. Frisch S, Zittermann A, Berthold HK et al. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of carbohydrate-reduced or fat-reduced diets in patients attending a telemedically guided weight loss program. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009;8:36.
166. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009;360:859–73.
167. Burke LE, Hudson AG, Warziski MT et al. Effects of a vegetarian diet and treatment preference on biochemical and dietary variables in overweight and obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:588–96.
168. Ashley JM, St Jeor ST, Perumean-Chaney S, Schrage J, Bovee V. Meal replacements in weight intervention. Obes Res 2001;9 Suppl 4:312S–320S.
169. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institute of Washington publication 279. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1919.
170. Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:241–7.
171. World Health Organization. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1985:1–206.
172. World Health Organization. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1985:1–206.
173. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med 1995;332:621–8.
174. Grundy SM, National Cholesterol Education Program—The National Cholesterol Guidelines in Adult Treatment Panel III. Approach to lipoprotein management in 2001 National Cholesterol Guidelines. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:11i–21i.
175. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006;114:82–96.
176. American Diabetes Association, Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J et al. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2008;31 Suppl 1:S61–78. Erratum in: Diabetes Care. 2010;33(8):1911.
177. Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:373–85.
178. Lejeune MP, Westerterp KR, Adam TC, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, 24-h satiety, and energy and substrate metabolism during a high-protein diet and measured in a respiration chamber. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:89–94.
179. Sears B, Lawren W. The Zone. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
180. Atkins R. Dr. Atkins’ NEW diet revolution. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.
181. Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:353–55.
182. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1117–24.
183. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:3–10.
184. Kaukua J, Pekkarinen T, Sane T, Mustajoki P. Health-related quality of life in WHO class II-III obese men losing weight with very-low-energy diet and behaviour modification: a randomised clinical trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:487–95.
185. Borg P, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Fogelholm M, Pasanen M. Effects of walking or resistance training on weight loss maintenance in obese, middle-aged men: a randomized trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:676–83.
186. Stenius-Aarniala B, Poussa T, Kvarnström J, Grönlund EL, Ylikahri M, Mustajoki P. Immediate and long term effects of weight reduction in obese people with asthma: randomised controlled study. BMJ 2000;320:827–32.
187. Fogelholm M, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Nenonen A, Pasanen M. Effects of walking training on weight maintenance after a very-low-energy diet in premenopausal obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2177–84.
188. Bistrian BR, Sherman M. Results of the treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast. Int J Obes (Lond) 1978;2:143–8.
189. Hoffer LJ, Bistrian BR, Young VR, Blackburn GL, Wannemacher RW. Metabolic effects of carbohydrate in low-calorie diets. Metab Clin Exp 1984;33:820–5.
190. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition. 6th ed ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010.
191. Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW et al. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA 2003;289:2083–93.
192. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1998.
193. Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM et al. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary]. CMAJ 2007;176:S1–13.
194. Tsigos C, Hainer V, Basdevant A et al. Management of obesity in adults: European clinical practice guidelines. Obes Facts 2008;1:106–16.
195. U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for obesity in adults: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:930–2.
196. Management of Overweight and Obesity Working Group, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department of Defense. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of Overweight and Obesity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department of Defense, 2006:128.
197. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:459–71.
198. Befort CA, Donnelly JE, Sullivan DK, Ellerbeck EF, Perri MG. Group versus individual phone-based obesity treatment for rural women. Eat Behav 2010;11:11–7.
199. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Schiffer L, Sharp LK, Singh V, Dyer A. Obesity reduction black intervention trial (ORBIT): 18-month results. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:2317–25.
200. Harvey-Berino J, West D, Krukowski R et al. Internet delivered behavioral obesity treatment. Prev Med 2010;51:123–8.
201. Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA. Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304:1803–10.
202. Teixeira PJ, Silva MN, Coutinho SR et al. Mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle-aged women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:725–35.
203. Appel LJ, Clark JM, Yeh H-C et al. Comparative effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1959–68.
204. Wadden TA, Neiberg RH, Wing RR et al. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:1987–98.
205. Wadden TA, Volger S, Sarwer DB et al. A two-year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1969–79.
206. West DS, Gorin AA, Subak LL et al. A motivation-focused weight loss maintenance program is an effective alternative to a skill-based approach. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011;35:259–69.
207. Iqbal N, Vetter ML, Moore RH et al. Effects of a low-intensity intervention that prescribed a low-carbohydrate vs. a low-fat diet in obese, diabetic participants. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:1733–8.
208. Ames GE, Perri MG, Fox LD et al. Changing weight-loss expectations: a randomized pilot study. Eat Behav 2005;6:259–69.
209. Annunziato RA, Timko CA, Crerand CE et al. A randomized trial examining differential meal replacement adherence in a weight loss maintenance program after one-year follow-up. Eat Behav 2009;10:176–83.
210. Bacon L, Keim NL, Van Loan MD et al. Evaluating a 'non-diet' wellness intervention for improvement of metabolic fitness, psychological well-being and eating and activity behaviors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:854–65.
211. Bacon L, Stern JS, Van Loan MD, Keim NL. Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:929–36.
212. Brochu M, Malita MF, Messier V et al. Resistance training does not contribute to improving the metabolic profile after a 6-month weight loss program in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3226–33.
213. Burke V, Beilin LJ, Cutt HE, Mansour J, Williams A, Mori TA. A lifestyle program for treated hypertensives improved health-related behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors, a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:133–41.
214. Burke V, Beilin LJ, Cutt HE, Mansour J, Wilson A, Mori TA. Effects of a lifestyle programme on ambulatory blood pressure and drug dosage in treated hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens 2005;23:1241–9.
215. Burke V, Mori TA, Giangiulio N et al. An innovative program for changing health behaviours. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002;11 Suppl 3:S586–97.
216. Carels RA, Darby L, Cacciapaglia HM et al. Applying a stepped-care approach to the treatment of obesity. J Psychosom Res 2005;59:375–83.
217. Carels RA, Darby L, Cacciapaglia HM et al. Using motivational interviewing as a supplement to obesity treatment: a stepped-care approach. Health Psychol 2007;26:369–74.
218. Carels RA, Darby LA, Cacciapaglia HM, Douglass OM. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through a lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2004;13:412–26.
219. Carels RA, Darby LA, Douglass OM, Cacciapaglia HM, Rydin S. Education on the glycemic index of foods fails to improve treatment outcomes in a behavioral weight loss program. Eat Behav 2005;6:145–50.
220. Carels RA, Konrad K, Young KM et al. Taking control of your personal eating and exercise environment: a weight maintenance program. Eat Behav 2008;9:228–37.
221. Cheyette C. Weight No More: a randomised controlled trial for people with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy. Practical Diabetes International 2007;24:450–6.
222. Daly RM, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Jolley D, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. Does high-intensity resistance training maintain bone mass during moderate weight loss in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes? Osteporos Int 2005;16:1703–12.
223. Del Corral P, Chandler-Laney PC, Casazza K, Gower BA, Hunter GR. Effect of dietary adherence with or without exercise on weight loss: a mechanistic approach to a global problem. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1602–7.
224. Ditschuneit HH, Flechtner-Mors M, Johnson TD, Adler G. Metabolic and weight-loss effects of a long-term dietary intervention in obese patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:198–204.
225. Djuric Z, DiLaura NM, Jenkins I et al. Combining weight-loss counseling with the weight watchers plan for obese breast cancer survivors. Obes Res 2002;10:657–65.
226. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N et al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1729–36.
227. Ely AC, Banitt A, Befort C et al. Kansas primary care weighs in: a pilot randomized trial of a chronic care model program for obesity in 3 rural Kansas primary care practices. J Rural Health 2008;24:125–32.
228. Fogelholm M, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Oja P. Eating control and physical activity as determinants of short-term weight maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet among obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:203–10.
229. Frimel TN, Sinacore DR, Villareal DT. Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1213–9.
230. Goodrick GK, Poston WS, Kimball KT, Reeves RS, Foreyt JP. Nondieting versus dieting treatment for overweight binge-eating women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998;66:363–8.
231. Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P et al. Does using the Internet facilitate the maintenance of weight loss? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:1254–60.
232. Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro SJ, Gold EC. The feasibility of using Internet support for the maintenance of weight loss. Behav Modif 2002;26:103–16.
233. Jeffery RW, Levy RL, Langer SL et al. A comparison of maintenance-tailored therapy (MTT) and standard behavior therapy (SBT) for the treatment of obesity. Prev Med 2009;49:384–9.
234. Jeffery RW, Linde JA, Finch EA, Rothman AJ, King CM. A satisfaction enhancement intervention for long-term weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:863–9.
235. Kennedy BM, Paeratakul S, Champagne CM et al. A pilot church-based weight loss program for African-American adults using church members as health educators: a comparison of individual and group intervention. Ethn Dis 2005;15:373–8.
236. Keränen A-M, Savolainen MJ, Reponen AH et al. The effect of eating behavior on weight loss and maintenance during a lifestyle intervention. Prev Med 2009;49:32–8.
237. Kinnunen TI, Pasanen M, Aittasalo M, Fogelholm M, Weiderpass E, Luoto R. Reducing postpartum weight retention--a pilot trial in primary health care. Nutr J 2007;6:21.
238. Kuller LH, Kinzel LS, Pettee KK et al. Lifestyle intervention and coronary heart disease risk factor changes over 18 months in postmenopausal women: the Women On the Move through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN study) clinical trial. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006;15:962–74.
239. Lantz H, Peltonen M, Agren L, Torgerson JS. A dietary and behavioural programme for the treatment of obesity. A 4-year clinical trial and a long-term posttreatment follow-up. J Intern Med 2003;254:272–9.
240. Lejeune MPGM, Van Aggel-Leijssen DPC, Van Baak MA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Effects of dietary restraint vs exercise during weight maintenance in obese men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:1338–44.
241. Lowe MR, Tappe KA, Annunziato RA et al. The effect of training in reduced energy density eating and food self-monitoring accuracy on weight loss maintenance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:2016–23.
242. Martin PD, Dutton GR, Rhode PC, Horswell RL, Ryan DH, Brantley PJ. Weight loss maintenance following a primary care intervention for low-income minority women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:2462–7.
243. Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Antonio AM, Smith SM et al. Pounds off with empowerment (POWER): a clinical trial of weight management strategies for black and white adults with diabetes who live in medically underserved rural communities. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1736–42.
244. McConnon A, Kirk SF, Cockroft JE et al. The Internet for weight control in an obese sample: results of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res 2007;7:206.
245. Melanson KJ, Angelopoulos TJ, Nguyen VT et al. Consumption of whole-grain cereals during weight loss: effects on dietary quality, dietary fiber, magnesium, vitamin B-6, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:1380–8.
246. Melanson KJ, Dell'Olio J, Carpenter MR, Angelopoulos TJ. Changes in multiple health outcomes at 12 and 24 weeks resulting from 12 weeks of exercise counseling with or without dietary counseling in obese adults. Nutrition 2004;20:849–56.
247. Melin I, Karlström B, Lappalainen R, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Vessby B. A programme of behaviour modification and nutrition counselling in the treatment of obesity: a randomised 2-y clinical trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1127–35.
248. Melin I, Reynisdottir S, Berglund L, Zamfir M, Karlström B. Conservative treatment of obesity in an academic obesity unit. Long-term outcome and drop-out. Eat Weight Disord 2006;11:22–30.
249. Mensink M, Blaak EE, Corpeleijn E, Saris WH, de Bruin TW, Feskens EJ. Lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations improves glucose tolerance. Obes Res 2003;11:1588–96.
250. Mensink M, Feskens EJM, Saris WHM, De Bruin TWA, Blaak EE. Study on Lifestyle Intervention and Impaired Glucose Tolerance Maastricht (SLIM): preliminary results after one year. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:377–84.
251. Micco N, Gold B, Buzzell P, Leonard H, Pintauro S, Harvey-Berino J. Minimal in-person support as an adjunct to internet obesity treatment. Ann Behav Med 2007;33:49–56.
252. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis C, Loeser RF, Lenchik L, Messier SP. Intensive weight loss program improves physical function in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1219–30.
253. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Loeser RF. Inflammatory biomarkers and physical function in older, obese adults with knee pain and self-reported osteoarthritis after intensive weight-loss therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:644–51.
254. Minniti A, Bissoli L, Di Francesco V et al. Individual versus group therapy for obesity: comparison of dropout rate and treatment outcome. Eat Weight Disord 2007;12:161–7.
255. Munsch S, Biedert E, Keller U. Evaluation of a lifestyle change programme for the treatment of obesity in general practice. Swiss Med Wkly 2003;133:148–54.
256. Penn L, White M, Oldroyd J, Walker M, Alberti KGMM, Mathers JC. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance: the European Diabetes Prevention RCT in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. BMC Public Health 2009;9:342.
257. Poston WSC, Haddock CK, Pinkston MM et al. Evaluation of a primary care-oriented brief counselling intervention for obesity with and without orlistat. J Intern Med 2006;260:388–98.
258. Prior SJ, Joseph LJ, Brandauer J, Katzel LI, Hagberg JM, Ryan AS. Reduction in midthigh low-density muscle with aerobic exercise training and weight loss impacts glucose tolerance in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:880–6.
259. Pritchard JE, Nowson CA, Billington T, Wark JD. Benefits of a year-long workplace weight loss program on cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr Diet 2002;59:87–96.
260. Racette SB, Weiss EP, Obert KA, Kohrt WM, Holloszy JO. Modest lifestyle intervention and glucose tolerance in obese African Americans. Obes Res 2001;9:348–55.
261. Ramirez EM, Rosen JC. A comparison of weight control and weight control plus body image therapy for obese men and women. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:440–6.
262. Renjilian DA, Perri MG, Nezu AM, McKelvey WF, Shermer RL, Anton SD. Individual versus group therapy for obesity: effects of matching participants to their treatment preferences. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:717–21.
263. Riebe D, Blissmer B, Greene G et al. Long-term maintenance of exercise and healthy eating behaviors in overweight adults. Prev Med 2005;40:769–78.
264. Sherwood NE, Jeffery RW, Pronk NP et al. Mail and phone interventions for weight loss in a managed-care setting: weigh-to-be 2-year outcomes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:1565–73.
265. Tuomilehto HPI, Seppä JM, Partinen MM et al. Lifestyle intervention with weight reduction: first-line treatment in mild obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:320–7.
266. van Wier MF, Ariëns GAM, Dekkers JC, Hendriksen IJM, Smid T, van Mechelen W. Phone and e-mail counselling are effective for weight management in an overweight working population: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2009;9:6.
267. Wadden TA, Vogt RA, Foster GD, Anderson DA. Exercise and the maintenance of weight loss: 1-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998;66:429–33.
268. Wang X, Lyles MF, You T, Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Nicklas BJ. Weight regain is related to decreases in physical activity during weight loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1781–8.
269. Wang X, Miller GD, Messier SP, Nicklas BJ. Knee strength maintained despite loss of lean body mass during weight loss in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62:866–71.
270. Weinstock RS, Dai H, Wadden TA. Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity: effects of 3 interventions on insulin resistance. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2477–83.
271. Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;67:132–8.
272. Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Prescribed "breaks" as a means to disrupt weight control efforts. Obes Res 2003;11:287–91.
273. Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Using Internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. JAMA 2001;285:1172–7.
274. West DS, Elaine Prewitt T, Bursac Z, Felix HC. Weight loss of black, white, and Hispanic men and women in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1413–20.
275. West DS, DiLillo V, Bursac Z, Gore SA, Greene PG. Motivational interviewing improves weight loss in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1081–7.
276. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 1998;279:839–46.
277. Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, Raynor HA, Fava JL. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1563–71.
278. Wolf AM, Conaway MR, Crowther JQ et al. Translating lifestyle intervention to practice in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1570–6.
279. Womble LG, Wadden TA, McGuckin BG, Sargent SL, Rothman RA, Krauthamer-Ewing ES. A randomized controlled trial of a commercial internet weight loss program. Obes Res 2004;12:1011–8.
280. Andersen RE, Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, Zemel B, Verde TJ, Franckowiak SC. Effects of lifestyle activity vs structured aerobic exercise in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 1999;281:335–40.
281. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette EC et al. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1947–58.
282. Byrne NM, Meerkin JD, Laukkanen R, Ross R, Fogelholm M, Hills AP. Weight loss strategies for obese adults: personalized weight management program vs. standard care. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1777–88.
283. Christian JG, Bessesen DH, Byers TE, Christian KK, Goldstein MG, Bock BC. Clinic-based support to help overweight patients with type 2 diabetes increase physical activity and lose weight. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:141–6.
284. Cussler EC, Teixeira PJ, Going SB et al. Maintenance of weight loss in overweight middle-aged women through the Internet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1052–60.
285. Dale KS, McAuley KA, Taylor RW et al. Determining optimal approaches for weight maintenance: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2009;180:E39–46.
286. Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009;374:1677–86.
287. Eriksson J, Lindström J, Valle T et al. Prevention of Type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) in Finland. Study design and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme. Diabetologia 1999;42:793–801.
288. Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C et al. Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:2978–84.
289. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:1799–804.
290. Foster GD, Borradaile KE, Sanders MH et al. A randomized study on the effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Sleep AHEAD study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1619–26.
291. Gold BC, Burke S, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, Harvey-Berino J. Weight loss on the web: a pilot study comparing a structured behavioral intervention to a commercial program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:155–64.
292. Greaves CJ, Middlebrooke A, O'Loughlin L et al. Motivational interviewing for modifying diabetes risk: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract 2008;58:535–40.
293. Haapala I, Barengo NC, Biggs S, Surakka L, Manninen P. Weight loss by mobile phone: a 1-year effectiveness study. Public Health Nutr 2009;12:2382–91.
294. Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, Gold EC. Effect of internet support on the long-term maintenance of weight loss. Obes Res 2004;12:320–9.
295. Heshka S, Greenway F, Anderson JW et al. Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study. Am J Med 2000;109:282–7.
296. Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL et al. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:1792–8.
297. Hunter CM, Peterson AL, Alvarez LM et al. Weight management using the internet a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 2008;34:119–26.
298. Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Gallagher KI, Napolitano M, Lang W. Effect of exercise duration and intensity on weight loss in overweight, sedentary women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;290:1323–30.
299. Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Lang W, Janney C. Effect of exercise on 24-month weight loss maintenance in overweight women. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1550–9.
300. Jakicic JM, Winters C, Lang W, Wing RR. Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment on adherence, weight loss, and fitness in overweight women: a randomized trial. JAMA 1999;282:1554–60.
301. Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Sherwood NE, Tate DF. Physical activity and weight loss: does prescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome? Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:684–9.
302. Kaukua J, Pekkarinen T, Sane T, Mustajoki P. Sex hormones and sexual function in obese men losing weight. Obes Res 2003;11:689–94.
303. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393–403.
304. Kulzer B, Hermanns N, Gorges D, Schwarz P, Haak T. Prevention of diabetes self-management program (PREDIAS): effects on weight, metabolic risk factors, and behavioral outcomes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1143–6.
305. Kumanyika SK, Espeland MA, Bahnson JL et al. Ethnic comparison of weight loss in the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Obes Res 2002;10:96–106.
306. Leermakers EA, Perri MG, Shigaki CL, Fuller PR. Effects of exercise-focused versus weight-focused maintenance programs on the management of obesity. Addict Behav 1999;24:219–27.
307. Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT et al. Prevention of diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study: results from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:S108–13.
308. Lindström J, Louheranta A, Mannelin M et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): Lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3230–6.
309. Logue E, Sutton K, Jarjoura D, Smucker W, Baughman K, Capers C. Transtheoretical model-chronic disease care for obesity in primary care: a randomized trial. Obes Res 2005;13:917–27.
310. Wadden TA, West DS, Delahanty L et al. The Look AHEAD study: a description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:737–52.
311. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1501–10.
312. Miller GD, Rejeski WJ, Williamson JD et al. The Arthritis, Diet and Activity Promotion Trial (ADAPT): design, rationale, and baseline results. Control Clin Trials 2003;24:462–80.
313. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis CC, Ambrosius WT, Loeser RF, Messier SP. Is serum leptin related to physical function and is it modifiable through weight loss and exercise in older adults with knee osteoarthritis? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1383–90.
314. Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Collins CE, Warren JM, Callister R. The SHED-IT randomized controlled trial: evaluation of an Internet-based weight-loss program for men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:2025–32.
315. Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP et al. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:544–51.
316. Perri MG, Limacher MC, Durning PE et al. Extended-care programs for weight management in rural communities: the treatment of obesity in underserved rural settings (TOURS) randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2347–54.
317. Perri MG, Nezu AM, McKelvey WF, Shermer RL, Renjilian DA, Viegener BJ. Relapse prevention training and problem-solving therapy in the long-term management of obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:722–6.
318. Rejeski WJ, Focht BC, Messier SP, Morgan T, Pahor M, Penninx B. Obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis: weight loss, exercise, and quality of life. Health Psychol 2002;21:419–26.
319. Rock CL, Pakiz B, Flatt SW, Quintana EL. Randomized trial of a multifaceted commercial weight loss program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:939–49.
320. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR et al. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:1–11.
321. Stolley MR, Fitzgibbon ML, Schiffer L et al. Obesity reduction black intervention trial (ORBIT): six-month results. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:100–6.
322. Subak LL, Wing R, West DS et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med 2009;360:481–90.
323. Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:1139–48.
324. Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:1833–6.
325. Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing human e-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1620–5.
326. Tate DF, Jeffery RW, Sherwood NE, Wing RR. Long-term weight losses associated with prescription of higher physical activity goals. Are higher levels of physical activity protective against weight regain? Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:954–9.
327. ter Bogt NCW, Bemelmans WJE, Beltman FW, Broer J, Smit AJ, van der Meer K. Preventing weight gain: one-year results of a randomized lifestyle intervention. Am J Prev Med 2009;37:270–7.
328. Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A et al. Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC "diet trials". BMJ 2006;332:1309–14.
329. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343–50.
330. Uusitupa M, Louheranta A, Lindström J et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Br J Nutr 2000;83 Suppl 1:S137–42.
331. Wadden TA, West DS, Neiberg RH et al. One-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with success. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:713–22.
332. Labs Writing Group for the LABS Consortium, Belle SH, Chapman W et al. Relationship of body mass index with demographic and clinical characteristics in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS). Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008;4:474–80.
333. McTigue K, Larson JC, Valoski A et al. Mortality and cardiac and vascular outcomes in extremely obese women. JAMA 2006;296:79–86.
334. Elder KA, Wolfe BM. Bariatric surgery: a review of procedures and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2007;132:2253–71.
335. Bray GA, Barry RE, Benfield JR, Castelnuovo-Tedesco P, Rodin J. Intestinal bypass surgery for obesity decreases food intake and taste preferences. Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29:779–83.
336. Sugerman HJ, Starkey JV, Birkenhauer R. A randomized prospective trial of gastric bypass versus vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity and their effects on sweets versus non-sweets eaters. Ann Surg 1987;205:613–24.
337. Puzziferri N, Austrheim-Smith IT, Wolfe BM, Wilson SE, Nguyen NT. Three-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial comparing laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass. Ann Surg 2006;243:181–8.
338. Nguyen NT, Goldman C, Rosenquist CJ et al. Laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass: a randomized study of outcomes, quality of life, and costs. Ann Surg 2001;234:279–89.
339. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Updated Position Statement on Sleeve Gastrectomy as a Bariatric Procedure. Gainesville, FL: American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery,, 2011:16.
340. Kehagias I, Karamanakos SN, Argentou M, Kalfarentzos F. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for the management of patients with BMI < 50 kg/m2. Obes Surg 2011;21:1650–6.
341. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A et al. Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1577–85.
342. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1567–76.
343. Wölnerhanssen BK, Peters T, Kern B et al. Predictors of outcome in treatment of morbid obesity by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: results of a prospective study of 380 patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008;4:500–6.
344. Smith MD, Patterson E, Wahed AS et al. Relationship between surgeon volume and adverse outcomes after RYGB in Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010;6:118–25.
345. Lee WJ, Chong K, Ser KH et al. Gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 2011;146:143–8.
346. Singhal R, Kitchen M, Bridgwater S, Super P. Dietetic-led management of patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric banding: early results. Surg Endosc 2010;24:1268–73.
347. Blackstone RP, Cortes MC. Metabolic acuity score: effect on major complications after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010;6:267–73.
348. Sjostrom CD, Peltonen M, Wedel H, Sjostrom L. Differentiated long-term effects of intentional weight loss on diabetes and hypertension. Hypertension 2000;36:20–5.
349. Alami RS, Morton JM, Schuster R et al. Is there a benefit to preoperative weight loss in gastric bypass patients? A prospective randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007;3:141–5.
350. Angrisani L, Di Lorenzo N, Favretti F et al. The Italian Group for LAP-BAND: predictive value of initial body mass index for weight loss after 5 years of follow-up. Surg Endosc 2004;18:1524–7.
351. Anthone GJ, Lord RVN, DeMeester TR, Crookes PF. The duodenal switch operation for the treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2003;238:618–27.
352. Arceo-Olaiz R, España-Gómez MN, Montalvo-Hernández J, Velázquez-Fernández D, Pantoja JP, Herrera MF. Maximal weight loss after banded and unbanded laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008;4:507–11.
353. Basdevant A, Paita M, Rodde-Dunet M-H et al. A nationwide survey on bariatric surgery in France: two years prospective follow-up. Obes Surg 2007;17:39–44.
354. Brolin RE, Bradley LJ, Wilson AC, Cody RP. Lipid risk profile and weight stability after gastric restrictive operations for morbid obesity. J Gastrointest Surg 2000;4:464–9.
355. Busetto L, Segato G, De Luca M et al. Weight loss and postoperative complications in morbidly obese patients with binge eating disorder treated by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg 2005;15:195–201.
356. Choban PS, Flancbaum L. The effect of Roux limb lengths on outcome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Obes Surg 2002;12:540–5.
357. Christou NV, Look D, Maclean LD. Weight gain after short- and long-limb gastric bypass in patients followed for longer than 10 years. Ann Surg 2006;244:734–40.
358. Gravante G, Araco A, Araco F, Delogu D, De Lorenzo A, Cervelli V. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric bandings: a prospective randomized study of 400 operations performed with 2 different devices. Arch Surg 2007;142:958–61.
359. Himpens J, Dapri G, Cadière GB. A prospective randomized study between laparoscopic gastric banding and laparoscopic isolated sleeve gastrectomy: results after 1 and 3 years. Obes Surg 2006;16:1450–6.
360. Nguyen NT, Slone JA, Nguyen X-MT, Hartman JS, Hoyt DB. A Prospective Randomized Trial of Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Versus Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding for the Treatment of Morbid Obesity: Outcomes, Quality of Life, and Costs. Ann Surg 2009.
361. Nickel C, Widermann C, Harms D et al. Patients with extreme obesity: change in mental symptoms three years after gastric banding. Int J Psychiatry Med 2005;35:109–22.
362. Nocca D, Krawczykowsky D, Bomans B et al. A prospective multicenter study of 163 sleeve gastrectomies: results at 1 and 2 years. Obes Surg 2008;18:560–5.
363. Parikh MS, Fielding GA, Ren CJ. U.S. experience with 749 laparoscopic adjustable gastric bands: intermediate outcomes. Surg Endosc 2005;19:1631–5.
364. Peeters A, O'Brien PE, Laurie C et al. Substantial intentional weight loss and mortality in the severely obese. Ann Surg 2007;246:1028–33.
365. Pontiroli AE, Folli F, Paganelli M et al. Laparoscopic gastric banding prevents type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension and induces their remission in morbid obesity: a 4-year case-controlled study. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2703–9.
366. Prachand VN, Davee RT, Alverdy JC. Duodenal switch provides superior weight loss in the super-obese (BMI > or =50 kg/m2) compared with gastric bypass. Ann Surg 2006;244:611–9.
367. Puzziferri N, Nakonezny PA, Livingston EH, Carmody TJ, Provost DA, Rush AJ. Variations of weight loss following gastric bypass and gastric band. Ann Surg 2008;248:233–42.
368. Rabkin RA. Distal gastric bypass/duodenal switch procedure, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion in a community practice. Obes Surg 1998;8:53–9.
369. Sampalis JS, Sampalis F, Christou N. Impact of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal morbidity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2006;2:587–91.
370. Schowalter M, Benecke A, Lager C et al. Changes in depression following gastric banding: a 5- to 7-year prospective study. Obes Surg 2008;18:314–20.
371. Simard B, Turcotte H, Marceau P et al. Asthma and sleep apnea in patients with morbid obesity: outcome after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2004;14:1381–8.
372. Spivak H, Hewitt MF, Onn A, Half EE. Weight loss and improvement of obesity-related illness in 500 U.S. patients following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding procedure. Am J Surg 2005;189:27–32.
373. Suter M, Giusti V, Worreth M, Héraief E, Calmes J-M. Laparoscopic gastric banding: a prospective, randomized study comparing the Lapband and the SAGB: early results. Ann Surg 2005;241:55–62.
374. Weiner R, Blanco-Engert R, Weiner S, Matkowitz R, Schaefer L, Pomhoff I. Outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding - 8 years experience. Obes Surg 2003;13:427–34.
375. Wittgrove AC, Clark GW. Laparoscopic gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y- 500 patients: technique and results, with 3-60 month follow-up. Obes Surg 2000;10:233–9.
376. Adami GF, Papadia F, Carlini F, Murelli F, Scopinaro N. Effect of biliopancreatic diversion on hypertension in severely obese patients. Hypertens Res 2005;28:119–23.
377. Agaba EA, Shamseddeen H, Gentles CV, Sasthakonar V, Gellman L, Gadaleta D. Laparoscopic vs open gastric bypass in the management of morbid obesity: a 7-year retrospective study of 1,364 patients from a single center. Obes Surg 2008;18:1359–63.
378. Angrisani L, Lorenzo M, Borrelli V. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 5-year results of a prospective randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007;3:127–32.
379. Bessler M, Daud A, Kim T, DiGiorgi M. Prospective randomized trial of banded versus nonbanded gastric bypass for the super obese: early results. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007;3:480–4.
380. Biertho L, Steffen R, Branson R et al. Management of failed adjustable gastric banding. Surgery 2005;137:33–41.
381. Dixon JB, O'Brien PE, Playfair J et al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:316–23.
382. Favretti F, Cadière GB, Segato G et al. Laparoscopic banding: selection and technique in 830 patients. Obes Surg 2002;12:385–90.
383. Favretti F, Segato G, Ashton D et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in 1,791 consecutive obese patients: 12-year results. Obes Surg 2007;17:168–75.
384. Grunstein RR, Stenlöf K, Hedner JA, Peltonen M, Karason K, Sjöström L. Two year reduction in sleep apnea symptoms and associated diabetes incidence after weight loss in severe obesity. Sleep 2007;30:703–10.
385. Ikonomidis I, Mazarakis A, Papadopoulos C et al. Weight loss after bariatric surgery improves aortic elastic properties and left ventricular function in individuals with morbid obesity: a 3-year follow-up study. J Hypertens 2007;25:439–47.
386. Karlsson J, Sjöström L, Sullivan M. Swedish obese subjects (SOS)—an intervention study of obesity. Two-year follow-up of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and eating behavior after gastric surgery for severe obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:113–26.
387. Karlsson J, Taft C, Rydén A, Sjöström L, Sullivan M. Ten-year trends in health-related quality of life after surgical and conventional treatment for severe obesity: the SOS intervention study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1248–61.
388. Larrad-Jiménez A, Díaz-Guerra CS-C, de Cuadros Borrajo P, Lesmes IB, Esteban BM. Short-, mid- and long-term results of Larrad biliopancreatic diversion. Obes Surg 2007;17:202–10.
389. Flum DR, Belle SH, King WC et al. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2009;361:445–54.
390. Lopez-Jimenez F, Bhatia S, Collazo-Clavell ML, Sarr MG, Somers VK. Safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in patients with coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:1157–62.
391. Marinari GM, Papadia FS, Briatore L, Adami G, Scopinaro N. Type 2 diabetes and weight loss following biliopancreatic diversion for obesity. Obes Surg 2006;16:1440–4.
392. Narbro K, Agren G, Jonsson E et al. Sick leave and disability pension before and after treatment for obesity: a report from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:619–24.
393. Naslund I. Lessons from the Swedish Obese Subjects Study: The effects of surgically induced weight loss on obesity comorbidity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2005;1:140–4.
394. O'Brien PE, Dixon JB, Laurie C et al. Treatment of mild to moderate obesity with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or an intensive medical program: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:625–33.
395. Sekhar N, Torquati A, Youssef Y, Wright JK, Richards WO. A comparison of 399 open and 568 laparoscopic gastric bypasses performed during a 4-year period. Surg Endosc 2007;21:665–8.
396. Sjöström CD. Surgery as an intervention for obesity. Results from the Swedish obese subjects study. Growth Horm IGF Res 2003;13 Suppl A:S22–6.
397. Sjöström CD, Lissner L, Wedel H, Sjöström L. Reduction in incidence of diabetes, hypertension and lipid disturbances after intentional weight loss induced by bariatric surgery: the SOS Intervention Study. Obes Res 1999;7:477–84.
398. Sjöström CD, Peltonen M, Sjöström L. Blood pressure and pulse pressure during long-term weight loss in the obese: the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Intervention Study. Obes Res 2001;9:188–95.
399. Sjöström L. Bariatric surgery and reduction in morbidity and mortality: experiences from the SOS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32 Suppl 7:S93–7.
400. Sjöström L, Gummesson A, Sjöström CD et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on cancer incidence in obese patients in Sweden (Swedish Obese Subjects Study): a prospective, controlled intervention trial. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:653–62.
401. Sjöström L, Lindroos A-K, Peltonen M et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2683–93.
402. Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2007;357:741–52.
403. Steffen R, Biertho L, Ricklin T, Piec G, Horber FF. Laparoscopic Swedish adjustable gastric banding: a five-year prospective study. Obes Surg 2003;13:404–11.
404. Weber M, Müller MK, Bucher T et al. Laparoscopic gastric bypass is superior to laparoscopic gastric banding for treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2004;240:975–82.
405. Weiner RA, Weiner S, Pomhoff I, Jacobi C, Makarewicz W, Weigand G. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy—influence of sleeve size and resected gastric volume. Obes Surg 2007;17:1297–305.
406. Montero PN, Stefanidis D, Norton HJ, Gersin K, Kuwada T. Reported excess weight loss after bariatric surgery could vary significantly depending on calculation method: a plea for standardization. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011;7:531–4.
407. Buse JB, Caprio S, Cefalu WT et al. How do we define cure of diabetes? Diabetes Care 2009;32:2133–5.
408. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26 Suppl 1:S5–20.
409. Dannenberg AL, Kannel WB. Remission of hypertension. The 'natural' history of blood pressure treatment in the Framingham Study. JAMA 1987;257:1477–83.
410. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA expands use of banding system for weight loss. U.S. Food and Drug Administration,, 2011:FDA News Release.
411. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Draft Discussion Questions for LAP-BAND® Panel. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration,, 2011.
412. Birkmeyer NJ, Dimick JB, Share D et al. Hospital complication rates with bariatric surgery in Michigan. JAMA 2010;304:435–42.
413. Flum DR, Salem L, Elrod JA, Dellinger EP, Cheadle A, Chan L. Early mortality among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing bariatric surgical procedures. JAMA 2005;294:1903–8.
414. Sovik TT, Aasheim ET, Taha O et al. Weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and quality of life after gastric bypass and duodenal switch: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:281–91.
415. Maciejewski ML, Winegar DA, Farley JF, Wolfe BM, Demaria EJ. Risk stratification of serious adverse events after gastric bypass in the Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2012;8:671–7.
416. Finks JF, Kole KL, Yenumula PR et al. Predicting risk for serious complications with bariatric surgery: results from the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative. Ann Surg 2011;254:633–40.
417. DeMaria EJ, Murr M, Byrne TK et al. Validation of the obesity surgery mortality risk score in a multicenter study proves it stratifies mortality risk in patients undergoing gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2007;246:578–82; discussion 583–4.
418. Gupta PK, Franck C, Miller WJ, Gupta H, Forse RA. Development and validation of a bariatric surgery morbidity risk calculator using the prospective, multicenter NSQIP dataset. J Am Coll Surg 2011;212:301–9.
419. Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S et al. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2012;367:695-704.
420. Sjostrom L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA 2012;307:56-65.
421. Romeo S, Maglio C, Burza MA et al. Cardiovascular events after bariatric surgery in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2613-7.
422. Maggard-Gibbons M, Maglione M, Livhits M et al. Bariatric surgery for weight loss and glycemic control in nonmorbidly obese adults with diabetes: a systematic review. JAMA 2013;309:2250-61.
423. Sjostrom L. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial - a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. J Intern Med 2013;273:219-34.
424. King WC, Chen JY, Mitchell JE et al. Prevalence of alcohol use disorders before and after bariatric surgery. JAMA 2012;307:2516–25.
425. Svensson PA, Anveden A, Romeo S et al. Alcohol consumption and alcohol problems after bariatric surgery in the swedish obese subjects study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013.
426. Adams TD, Davidson LE, Litwin SE et al. Health benefits of gastric bypass surgery after 6 years. JAMA 2012;308:1122–31.
427. Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB. Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:376–80.
428. Dubben HH, Beck-Bornholdt HP. Systematic review of publication bias in studies on publication bias. BMJ 2005;331:433–4.
429. Collaboration TC. The Cochrane Collaboration Open Learning Material. 2002.
430. Shaneyfelt T, Ortiz E. Applying evidence to the care of a patient with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: how to find and use a systematic review. Semin Med Pract 2006;9:29–40.
431. White MW, Ip S, McPheeters M et al. Using Systematic Reviews to Replace de Novo Processes in CERs. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009:Web version of chapter from "Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews".
Journal of the American College of Cardiology and Circulation
Guidelines Update 'ATP-4' -- Finally!. Medscape. Nov 13, 2013.
Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology American/Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Nov 12. [Epub ahead of print]
2013 Obesity/Lifestyle Guidelines: Something Old, Something New. Medscape. Nov 13, 2013.
Michael O'Riordan. New Cholesterol Guidelines Abandon LDL Targets. Medscape. Nov 12, 2013.
Laurie Barclay, MD, New AACE Guidelines for Prediabetes Management CME, 2008
Diabetes Care. 2007;30(1):162-172. ©2007 American Diabetes Association, Inc.
John B. Buse, MD, PHD, CO-CHAIR; Henry N. Ginsberg, MD, CO-CHAIR; George L. Bakris, MD; Nathaniel G. Clark, MD, MS, RD; Fernando Costa, MD; Robert Eckel, MD; Vivian Fonseca, MD; Hertzel C. Gerstein, MD, MSC, FRCPC; Scott Grundy, MD, PHD; Richard W. Nesto, MD; Michael P. Pignone, MD, MPH; Jorge Plutzky, MD; Daniel Porte, MD; Rita Redberg, MD; Kimberly F. Stitzel, MS, RD; Neil J. Stone, MD
Diabetes Care. 2007;30(1):162-172. ©2007 American Diabetes Association, Inc.
Posted 03/06/2007
Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al. Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006. A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;114:82-96.
Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, et al; American Heart Association; American Academy of Pediatrics. Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners: consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2005;112:2061-2075.
Laurie Barclay, MD, Guidelines Updated on Secondary Prevention for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease CME/CE, 2006
JAMA Cardiol. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0022 Published online February 28, 2018.
tfah.org/stateofobesity2018
JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(7):e184587. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4587
NCHS, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2016.
Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data brief, no 288. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2017.
2. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—The evidence report. Obes Res 6(Suppl 2):51s–209s. 1998.
3. Levy AS, Heaton AW. Weight control practices of U.S. adults trying to lose weight. Ann Intern Med 119(7 Pt 2):661–6. 1993.
4. Johnson CL, Dohrmann SM, Burt VL, Mohadjer LK. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Sample design, 2011–2014. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(16 2). 2014.
OgdenCL,CarrollMD,LawmanHG,etal.Trendsinobesityprevalenceamong children and adolescents in the United States, 1988-1994 through 2013-2014. JAMA. 2016;315(21):2292-2299.
FlegalKM,Kruszon-MoranD,CarrollMD,FryarCD,OgdenCL.Trendsin obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016;315(21): 2284-2291.
NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.NationalHealthandNutrition Examination Survey: questionnaires, datasets, and related documentation. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes_questionnaires.htm Accessed March 8, 2018.
JensenMD,RyanDH,ApovianCM,etal.2013AHA/ACC/TOSguidelinefor the management of overweight and obesity in adults. Circulation. 2014;129(25) (suppl 2):S102-S138.
NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.NationalCenterforHealthStatistics data presentation standards for proportions. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /series/sr_02/sr02_175.pdf. Accessed March 8, 2018.
LumleyT.Survey:analysisofcomplexsurveysamples.2017.https://cran .r-project.org/web/packages/survey/index.html. Accessed March 8, 2018.
https://stateofobesity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/stateofobesity2018.pdf
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2673289?utm_source=silverchair&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=article_alert&utm_term=mostread&utm_content=olf-widget_03052018&redirect=true
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/901868?nlid=124988_4502&src=wnl_dne_180913_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1737997&faf=1#vp_1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/894940?nlid=121791_4502&src=wnl_dne_180410_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1603688&faf=1
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2673289?&utm_source=BulletinHealthCare&utm_medium=email&utm_term=032618&utm_content=NON-MEMBER&utm_campaign=article_alert-morning_rounds_daily&utm_uid=1856786&utm_effort=MRNRD0
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/EarlyRelease201803.pdf
https://www.medpagetoday.com/publichealthpolicy/by-the-numbers/71802?xid=nl_mpt_DHE_2018-03-17&eun=g391445d0r&pos=2&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Daily%20Headlines%202018-03-17&utm_term=Daily%20Headlines%20-%20Active%20User%20-%20180%20days
www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32129-3/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/866096?nlid=108268_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_160715_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1156625&faf=1#vp_2
http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2016/07/20/10/18/body-mass-index-and-all-cause-mortality-individual?utm_source=accupdate&utm_medium=email_newsletter&utm_campaign=accupdate&utm_content=20160729
Am J Public Health. 2015:e1-e6. Abstract
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201602_06.pdf
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2526639&utm_source=BHClistID&utm_medium=BulletinHealthCare&utm_term=060816&utm_content=MorningRounds&utm_campaign=BHCMessageID#tab3
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2526638&utm_source=BHClistID&utm_medium=BulletinHealthCare&utm_term=060816&utm_content=MorningRounds&utm_campaign=BHCMessageID#joi160057f1
Jayne O'Donnell, USA TODAY 12:02 a.m. EST December 10, 2014
http://stateofobesity.org/adult-obesity/
www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/how_the_world_could_better_fight_obesity
Obesity Epidemic Is Global, New Study Confirms. Medscape. May 29, 2014.
Pilkington R, Taylor AW, Hugo G, Wittert G (2014) Are Baby Boomers Healthier than Generation X? A Profile of Australia’s Working Generations Using National Health Survey Data. PLoS ONE 9(3): e93087. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093087
Salynn Boyles, Contributing Writer, MedPage Today, Oct 2013
Yang Q, Cogswell ME, Flanders WD, et al. Trends in cardiovascular health metrics and associations with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults. JAMA 2012; DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.339. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org.
Lloyd-Jones DM. Improving the cardiovascular health of the US population. JAMA 2012; DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.361. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org.
Robinson W, Keyes K, Utz R, et al. Will obesity prevalence continue to increase in the US? Examining birth cohort effects among recently born US cohorts. Obesity 2011; October 2, 2011; Orlando, FL. Abstract 352-P.
Trust for America's Health, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. F as in fat: How obesity threatens American's future, 2011.
Trust for America's Health. F as in fat: How obesity threatens American's future. July 2011.
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine: October 2010 - Volume 52 - Issue 10 - pp 971-976 doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181f274d2
Mente A, Yusuf S, Islam S, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of acute myocardial infarction. A case-control study of 26 903 subjects from 52 countries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:2390–2398.
Medscape Medical News © 2010 Medscape, LLC
JAMA 2012;307:491-497.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 2007-2012. JAMA Intern Med 2015;Jun 22:[Epub ahead of print].
Prevention and early detection could drastically reduce the incidence of chronic disease, researchers say. By Lisa Girion, Los Angeles Times Staff Writer October 3, 2007
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(21):2112-2119. ©2007 Elsevier Science, Inc. Posted 05/29/2007
Archives of Internal Medicine, April 25, 2005.
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, on behalf of the INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937-952.
Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al, for the INTERHEART investigators. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:953-962.
Ezzati M. How can cross-country research on health risks strengthen interventions? Lessons from INTERHEART. Lancet. 2004;364:912-914.
JAMA. Published online February 25, 2014.
http://www.odi.org.uk/future-diets
JAMA Cardiol. Published online February 28, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0022
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/898567?nlid=123490_3243&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_180701_mscpedit_imed&uac=69692CG&spon=18&impID=1672315&faf=1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/895895?nlid=122053_4502&src=wnl_dne_180430_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1619952&faf=1
https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/apa-public-opinion-poll-annual-meeting-2018
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/871173?nlid=112483_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_170203_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1283955&faf=1
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.21733/full
www.medpagetoday.com/downloadSciSrc.cfm?currentid=40131
Chris Kaiser, Cardiology Editor, MedPage Today. March 2013
Aline Sardinha; Antonio E Nardi. 12/28/2011; Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2012;7(1):63-71. © 2012 Expert
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass vs Intensive Medical Management for the control of type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, and Hyperlipidemia. JAMA, June 5, 2013. Vol 309, No. 21
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2669714?utm_source=silverchair&utm_campaign=jama_network&utm_content=weekly_highlights&cmp=1&utm_medium=email
http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2018/02/05/15/53/metabolic-surgery-weight-loss-diabetes-and-beyond?utm_campaign=accupdate&utm_source=accupdate&utm_content=20180209&utm_medium=email_newsletter
Diet and Lifestyle vs Surgery for Obesity: Both May Work. Medscape. Nov 21, 2013.
Effect of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular risk profile. Am J Cardiol. 2011; 108(10):1499-507 (ISSN: 1879-1913)
Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:741-752. Abstract
John G. Kral Erik Näslund. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3(8):574-583, 2007. © 2007 Nature Publishing Group
O’Brien PE, Dixon JB, Laurie C, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:625-633.
Obesity: Pathophysiology and Management. J Am Coll Cardiol2017;71:69-84.
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/896474?nlid=122390_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_180511_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1630189&faf=1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893068?nlid=121089_3242&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_180306_mscpedit_imed&uac=69692CG&spon=18&impID=1574909&faf=1#vp_1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/896444?nlid=122367_4502&src=wnl_dne_180511_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1629894&faf=1#vp_3
WEIGHT MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM. PAMF. 2013-10-26
Mortality and weight: insured lives and the American Cancer Society studies. Ann Intern Med 103:1024-1029, 1985
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.763
https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/eaft-aoa052218.php
https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/othercancers/73143?xid=nl_mpt_DHE_2018-05-30&eun=g391445d0r&pos=22&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Daily%20Headlines%202018-05-30&utm_term=Daily%20Headlines%20-%20Active%20User%20-%20180%20days
https://www.medpagetoday.com/reading-room/asco/gynecological-cancers/72104?xid=nl_mpt_DHE_2018-04-03&eun=g391445d0r&pos=0&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Daily%20Headlines%202018-04-03&utm_term=Daily%20Headlines%20-%20Active%20User%20-%20180%20days
https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2018/08/01/11/20/obesity-related-heart-failure-with-a-preserved-ejection-fraction?utm_campaign=accupdate&utm_medium=email_newsletter&utm_source=accupdate&utm_content=20180810
Journal of the American Heart Association. 2018;7:e008414
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/899685?nlid=124023_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_180724_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1693389&faf=1#vp_1
http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/71/17/1857?sso=1&sso_redirect_count=2&access_token=
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/878295?nlid=113967_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_170407_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1324526&faf=1
Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(11):758-769. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00008
Am J Public Health. Published online August 15, 2013.
JAMA Intern Med. Published online November 11, 2013. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10522
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21499
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/906881?nlid=126782_4502&src=wnl_dne_181226_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1843651&faf=1
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011; 57:577-585, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.040
Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:1113–1132. Abstract
Charles P. Vega, MD. 01/13/2010; Valid for credit through 01/13/2011
Clinical Utility of Waist Circumference in Predicting All-cause Mortality in a Preventive Cardiology Clinic Population: A PreCIS Database Study.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009; 17(8):1615-20 (ISSN: 1930-7381) .Bajaj HS ; Brennan DM ; Hoogwerf BJ ; Doshi KB ; Kashyap SR Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
James A. de Lemos, M.D., F.A.C.C.; Adolph M. Hutter, Jr., M.D., M.A.C.C. Cardiosource. 2008; ©2008 American College of Cardiology. Posted 07/09/2008
Jensen MK ; Chiuve SE ; Rimm EB ; Dethlefsen C ; Tjønneland A ; Joensen AM ; Overvad K Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Sdr Skovvej 15, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark. mkj@dce.au.dk. Obesity, behavioral lifestyle factors, and risk of acute coronary events. 2008; 117(24):3062-9 (ISSN: 1524-4539)
Huang KC ; Lee LT ; Chen CY ; Sung PK Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. chin3@ha.mc.ntu.edu.tw. All-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality increased with metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008; 16(3):684-9 (ISSN: 1930-7381)
Zhang C ; Rexrode KM ; van Dam RM ; Li TY ; Hu FB Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd, Room 7B03, MSC 7510, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-7510, USA. zhangcu@mail.nih.gov. Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women. Circulation. 2008; 117(13):1658-67 (ISSN: 1524-4539)
Med J Aust. 2007; 186(8):400-3 (ISSN: 0025-729X)
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(4):403-414. ©2007 Elsevier Science, Inc.
Deprés JP. Canadian Cardiovascular Congress 2007; October 21, 2007; Quebec City, QC.
Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Després JP, et al. International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): A study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168 000 primary care patients. Circulation 2007; DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676379. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org.
Lemieux I, Pascot A, Couillard C, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: A marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men? Circulation. 2000; 102:179-84. Abstract
Lancet. 2006; 368(9536):666-78 (ISSN: 1474-547X)
Kathleen McTigue, MD, MS, MPH; Joseph C. Larson, MS; Alice Valoski, MS, RD; Greg Burke, MD, MS; Jane Kotchen, MD, MPH; Cora E. Lewis, MD, MSPH; Marcia L. Stefanick, PhD; Linda Van Horn, PhD, RD; Lewis Kuller, MD, DrPH. Mortality and Cardiac and Vascular Outcomes in Extremely Obese Women. JAMA. 2006;296:79-86.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011; 57:577-585, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.040
Earl S. Ford, M.D., M.P.H., Umed A. Ajani, M.B., B.S., M.P.H., Janet B. Croft, Ph.D., Julia A. Critchley, D.Phil., M.Sc., Darwin R. Labarthe, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D., Thomas E. Kottke, M.D., Wayne H. Giles, M.D., M.S., and Simon Capewell, M.D. Explaining the Decrease in U.S. Deaths from Coronary Disease, 1980–2000
JAMA. 2018;320(11):1163-1171. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.13022
Bodenheimer T, Wagner EH, Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness, parts 1 and 2. JAMA. 2002;288:1775-1779, 1909-1914.
Barr VJ, Robinson S, Marin-Link B, et al. The expanded chronic care model: an integration of concepts and strategies from population health promotion and the chronic care model. Hosp Q. 2003;7:73-82.
Bodenheimer T, Willard-Grace R. The chronic care model and the transformation of primary care. In: Mechanick JI, Kushner RF, eds. Lifestyle Medicine: A Manual for Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Springer International; 2016: 89-96.
Bodenheimer T, Ghorob A, Willard-Grace R, Grumbach K. The 10 building blocks of high-performing primary care. Ann Fam Med. 2014;12:166-171.
Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (C.M.A.), Boston, Massachusetts 02118; Weill-Cornell Medical College (L.J.A.), New York, New York 10065; Denver Health Medical Center (D.H.B.), Denver, Colorado 80204; Brigham and Women’s Hospital (M.E.M.), Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Mayo Clinic, Division of Preventative Medicine (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Alma Mater University of Bologna (U.P.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital Endocrinology Unit, 40138 Bologna, Italy; Pennington Biomedical Research Center (D.H.R.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; and Geisinger Health Care System (C.D.S.), Danville, Pennsylvania 17822
Ann Intern Med. doi:10.7326/M14-1796
N Engl J Med 2013;368:446-54. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1208051
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/11/11/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee.citation
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/11/11/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee.citation
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/871635?src=WNL_infoc_170301_MSCPEDIT_TEMP2&uac=69692CG&impID=1299368&faf=1
http://journals.aace.com/doi/pdf/10.4158/EP161365.GL
Am J Public Health. 2015:e1-e6. Abstract
Ann Intern Med. Published online August 25, 2014.
Obesity Redefined by New AACE 'Advanced Framework'. Medscape. May 17, 2014.
2013 Report on the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults:
1. Medicine. CoSfDTCPGIo. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2011.
2. Gibbons GH, Harold JG, Jessup M, Robertson RM, Oetgen W. Next Steps in Developing Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prevention. Circulation 2013.
3. Gibbons GH, Shurin SB, Mensah GA, Lauer MS. Refocusing the Agenda on Cardiovascular Guidelines: An Announcement From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1396-1398.
4. National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults—The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998;6 Suppl 2:51S–209S.
5. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010;303:235–41.
6. Ogden CL, Carroll MD. Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2007–2008. 2010.
7. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of Obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief 2012;Jan:1–8.
8. Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;377:1341–52. Erratum in: Lancet. 2011 Apr 30;377(9776):1494.
9. Allison DB, Ryan DH, Peterson CA, Troupin B, Schwiers ML, Day WW. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;377:1341–52.
10. Garvey WT, Ryan DH, Look M et al. Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:297–308.
11. Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Anderson CM et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med 2010;363:245–56.
12. Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B et al. A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3067–77.
13. O'Neil PM, Smith SR, Weissman NJ et al. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012;20:1426–36.
14. O'Meara S, Riemsma R, Shirran L, Mather L, ter Riet G. A rapid and systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of orlistat in the management of obesity. Health Technol Assess 2001;5:1–81.
15. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A et al. Efficacy of pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1395–404.
16. Gray LJ, Cooper N, Dunkley A et al. A systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of obesity. Obes Rev 2012;13:483–98.
17. Zhou YH, Ma XQ, Wu C et al. Effect of anti-obesity drug on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2012;7:e39062.
18. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012;307:491–7.
19. Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA et al. Benefits of Modest Weight Loss in Improving Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1481–1486.
20. Wing RR. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1566–75.
21. Gillies CL, Abrams KR, Lambert PC et al. Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007;334:299.
22. Astrup A, Ryan L, Grunwald GK et al. The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies. Br J Nutr 2000;83 Suppl 1:S25–32.
23. Aucott L, Gray D, Rothnie H, Thapa M, Waweru C. Effects of lifestyle interventions and long-term weight loss on lipid outcomes - a systematic review. Obes Rev 2011;12:e412–25.
24. Aucott L, Rothnie H, McIntyre L, Thapa M, Waweru C, Gray D. Long-term weight loss from lifestyle intervention benefits blood pressure?: a systematic review. Hypertension 2009;54:756–62.
25. Bales CW, Buhr G. Is obesity bad for older persons? A systematic review of the pros and cons of weight reduction in later life. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008;9:302–12.
26. Dyson PA. A review of low and reduced carbohydrate diets and weight loss in type 2 diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet 2008;21:530–8.
27. Harrington M, Gibson S, Cottrell RC. A review and meta-analysis of the effect of weight loss on all-cause mortality risk. Nutr Res Rev 2009;22:93–108.
28. Kim SH, Lee YM, Jee SH, Nam CM. Effect of sibutramine on weight loss and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Obes Res 2003;11:1116–23.
29. Laederach-Hofmann K, Messerli-Burgy N, Meyer K. Long-term effects of non-surgical therapy for obesity on cardiovascular risk management: A weighted empirical review. Z Gesundh Wiss 2008;16:21–29.
30. Leung WYS, Thomas GN, Chan JCN, Tomlinson B. Weight management and current options in pharmacotherapy: orlistat and sibutramine. Clin Ther 2003;25:58–80.
31. Mannucci E, Dicembrini I, Rotella F, Rotella CM. Orlistat and sibutramine beyond weight loss. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:342–8.
32. Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:31–9.
33. Sharma AM, Golay A. Effect of orlistat-induced weight loss on blood pressure and heart rate in obese patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 2002;20:1873–8.
34. Tsai AG, Wadden TA. The evolution of very-low-calorie diets: an update and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1283–93.
35. Walker KZ, O'Dea K, Gomez M, Girgis S, Colagiuri R. Diet and exercise in the prevention of diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet 2010;23:344–52.
36. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS et al. Weight loss in obese diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and long-term diabetes outcomes--a systematic review. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004;6:85–94.
37. Aucott L, Poobalan A, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term hypertension outcomes: a systematic review. Hypertension 2005;45:1035–41.
38. Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ et al. Systematic review of the long-term effects and economic consequences of treatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. Health Technol Assess 2004;8:iii–iv.
39. Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA et al. What interventions should we add to weight reducing diets in adults with obesity? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of adding drug therapy, exercise, behaviour therapy or combinations of these interventions. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004;17:293–316.
40. Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA et al. What are the long-term benefits of weight reducing diets in adults? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004;17:317–35.
41. Douketis JD, Macie C, Thabane L, Williamson DF. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1153–67.
42. Galani C, Schneider H. Prevention and treatment of obesity with lifestyle interventions: review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health 2007;52:348–59.
43. Horvath K, Jeitler K, Siering U et al. Long-term effects of weight-reducing interventions in hypertensive patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:571–80.
44. Hutton B, Fergusson D. Changes in body weight and serum lipid profile in obese patients treated with orlistat in addition to a hypocaloric diet: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1461–8.
45. Johansson K, Sundström J, Neovius K, Rössner S, Neovius M. Long-term changes in blood pressure following orlistat and sibutramine treatment: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2010;11:777–91.
46. Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati FL et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1374–83.
47. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A et al. Long-term non-pharmacologic weight loss interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD004095.
48. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J. Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with prediabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD005270.
49. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J. Pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD004096.
50. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A et al. Long-term effectiveness of lifestyle and behavioral weight loss interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2004;117:762–74.
51. Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DCW. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004:CD004094.
52. Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DCW. Long-term pharmacotherapy for overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1437–46.
53. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev 2003;4:83–90.
54. Poobalan AS, Aucott LS, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J. Long-term weight loss effects on all cause mortality in overweight/obese populations. Obes Rev 2007;8:503–13.
55. Poobalan A, Aucott L, Smith WCS et al. Effects of weight loss in overweight/obese individuals and long-term lipid outcomes--a systematic review. Obes Rev 2004;5:43–50.
56. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DCW. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007;335:1194–9.
57. Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD003817.
58. Siebenhofer A, Horvath K, Jeitler K et al. Long-term effects of weight-reducing drugs in hypertensive patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD007654.
59. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD005105.
60. Tuah NA, Amiel C, Qureshi S, Car J, Kaur B, Majeed A. Transtheoretical model for dietary and physical exercise modification in weight loss management for overweight and obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD008066.
61. Witham MD, Avenell A. Interventions to achieve long-term weight loss in obese older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2010;39:176–84.
62. Orozco LJ, Buchleitner AM, Gimenez-Perez G, Roqué I Figuls M, Richter B, Mauricio D. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD003054.
63. World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
64. Abell JE, Egan BM, Wilson PWF, Lipsitz S, Woolson RF, Lackland DT. Age and race impact the association between BMI and CVD mortality in women. Public Health Rep 2007;122:507–12.
65. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2211–9.
66. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2105–20.
67. Schulze MB, Thorand B, Fritsche A et al. Body adiposity index, body fat content and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012;55:1660-7.
68. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies C. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-13.
69. Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJE, Hoogenveen RT et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1720–8.
70. de Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J, Anand SS. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 2007;28:850–6.
71. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2009;9:88.
72. Hartemink N, Boshuizen HC, Nagelkerke NJD, Jacobs MAM, van Houwelingen HC. Combining risk estimates from observational studies with different exposure cutpoints: a meta-analysis on body mass index and diabetes type 2. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:1042–52.
73. Heiat A, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. An evidence-based assessment of federal guidelines for overweight and obesity as they apply to elderly persons. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1194–203.
74. McGee DL. Body mass index and mortality: a meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Ann Epidemiol 2005;15:87–97.
75. Owen CG, Whincup PH, Orfei L et al. Is body mass index before middle age related to coronary heart disease risk in later life? Evidence from observational studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009;33:866–77.
76. Vazquez G, Duval S, Jacobs DR, Silventoinen K. Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Rev 2007;29:115–28.
77. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Mhurchu CN. Coronary heart disease and body mass index: a systematic review of the evidence from larger prospective cohort studies. Semin Vasc Med 2002;2:369–81.
78. Wormser D, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E et al. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet 2011;377:1085–95.
79. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 2009;373:1083–96.
80. Lenz M, Richter T, Mühlhauser I. The morbidity and mortality associated with overweight and obesity in adulthood: a systematic review. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009;106:641–8.
81. Szklo M, Nieto J. Stratification and Adjustment: Multivariate Analysis in Epidemiology. Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics. 2nd ed. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007.
82. Gorber SC, Tremblay M, Moher D, Gorber B. A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2007;8:307–26.
83. McAdams MA, Van Dam RM, Hu FB. Comparison of self-reported and measured BMI as correlates of disease markers in US adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:188–96.
84. Ng SP, Korda R, Clements M et al. Validity of self-reported height and weight and derived body mass index in middle-aged and elderly individuals in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2011;35:557–63.
85. Bes-Rastrollo M, Sabate J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. Validation of self-reported anthropometrics in the Adventist Health Study 2. BMC Public Health 2011;11:213.
86. Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC-Oxford participants. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:561-5.
87. DelPrete LR, Caldwell M, English C, Banspach SW, Lefebvre C. Self-reported and measured weights and heights of participants in community-based weight loss programs. J Am Diet Assoc 1992;92:1483–6.
88. Kuczmarski MF, Kuczmarski RJ, Najjar M. Effects of age on validity of self-reported height, weight, and body mass index: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:28–34; quiz 35–6.
89. Stevens J, Cai J, Juhaeri, Thun MJ, Williamson DF, Wood JL. Consequences of the use of different measures of effect to determine the impact of age on the association between obesity and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:399–407.
90. Stevens J. Impact of age on associations between weight and mortality. Nutr Rev 2000;58:129–37.
91. Smith AW, Borowski LA, Liu B et al. U.S. primary care physicians' diet-, physical activity-, and weight-related care of adult patients. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:33–42.
92. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:147–57.
93. Larsen TM, Dalskov SM, van Baak M et al. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2102–13.
94. Fleming RM. The effect of high-, moderate-, and low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Prev Cardiol 2002;5:110–8.
95. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Sinclair KB, Seger-Shippee LG, Feldman HA, Ludwig DS. Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:976–82.
96. Ashley JM, Herzog H, Clodfelter S, Bovee V, Schrage J, Pritsos C. Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: a randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group. Nutr J 2007;6:12.
97. Bertéus Forslund H, Klingström S, Hagberg H, Löndahl M, Torgerson JS, Lindroos AK. Should snacks be recommended in obesity treatment? A 1-year randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:1308–17.
98. Brehm BJ, Lattin BL, Summer SS et al. One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:215–20.
99. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617–23.
100. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh JB, Luscombe ND, Wittert GA, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:661–70.
101. Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Noakes M, Clifton PM, Wilson CJ. Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1873–80.
102. Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:23–32.
103. Cardillo S, Seshadri P, Iqbal N. The effects of a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet on adipocytokines in severely obese adults: three-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2006;10:99–106.
104. Chao D, Espeland MA, Farmer D et al. Effect of voluntary weight loss on bone mineral density in older overweight women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:753–9.
105. Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M. Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:23–9.
106. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:43–53.
107. Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK et al. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1023–30.
108. Davis NJ, Tomuta N, Schechter C et al. Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1147–52.
109. Ditschuneit HH, Flechtner-Mors M. Value of structured meals for weight management: risk factors and long-term weight maintenance. Obes Res 2001;9 Suppl 4:284S–289S.
110. Ditschuneit HH, Frier HI, Flechtner-Mors M. Lipoprotein responses to weight loss and weight maintenance in high-risk obese subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002;56:264–70.
111. Due A, Larsen TM, Mu H, Hermansen K, Stender S, Astrup A. Comparison of 3 ad libitum diets for weight-loss maintenance, risk of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a 6-mo randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1232–41.
112. Ello-Martin JA, Roe LS, Ledikwe JH, Beach AM, Rolls BJ. Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1465–77.
113. Flechtner-Mors M, Ditschuneit HH, Johnson TD, Suchard MA, Adler G. Metabolic and weight loss effects of long-term dietary intervention in obese patients: four-year results. Obes Res 2000;8:399–402.
114. Fontaine KR, Yang D, Gadbury GL et al. Results of soy-based meal replacement formula on weight, anthropometry, serum lipids & blood pressure during a 40-week clinical weight loss trial. Nutr J 2003;2:14.
115. Harvey-Berino J. The efficacy of dietary fat vs. total energy restriction for weight loss. Obes Res 1998;6:202–7.
116. Harvey-Berino J. Calorie restriction is more effective for obesity treatment than dietary fat restriction. Ann Behav Med 1999;21:35–9.
117. Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Stern L et al. Serum resistin is not associated with obesity or insulin resistance in humans. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2005;9:161–5.
118. Keogh JB, Clifton P. The effect of meal replacements high in glycomacropeptide on weight loss and markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1602–5.
119. Lantz H, Peltonen M, Agren L, Torgerson JS. Intermittent versus on-demand use of a very low calorie diet: a randomized 2-year clinical trial. J Intern Med 2003;253:463–71.
120. Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D et al. A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. J Nutr 2009;139:514–21.
121. Leslie WS, Lean MEJ, Baillie HM, Hankey CR. Weight management: a comparison of existing dietary approaches in a work-site setting. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:1469–75.
122. Li Z, Hong K, Saltsman P et al. Long-term efficacy of soy-based meal replacements vs an individualized diet plan in obese type II DM patients: relative effects on weight loss, metabolic parameters, and C-reactive protein. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:411–8.
123. Maki KC, Rains TM, Kaden VN, Raneri KR, Davidson MH. Effects of a reduced-glycemic-load diet on body weight, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:724–34.
124. McAuley KA, Smith KJ, Taylor RW, McLay RT, Williams SM, Mann JI. Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:342–9.
125. Morgan LM, Griffin BA, Millward DJ et al. Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors. Public Health Nutr 2009;12:799–807.
126. Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Meal replacements are as effective as structured weight-loss diets for treating obesity in adults with features of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2004;134:1894–9.
127. Pereira MA, Swain J, Goldfine AB, Rifai N, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load diet on resting energy expenditure and heart disease risk factors during weight loss. JAMA 2004;292:2482–90.
128. Poston WSC, Haddock CK, Pinkston MM et al. Weight loss with meal replacement and meal replacement plus snacks: a randomized trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1107–14.
129. Ricci TA, Heymsfield SB, Pierson RN, Stahl T, Chowdhury HA, Shapses SA. Moderate energy restriction increases bone resorption in obese postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:347–52.
130. Riedt CS, Cifuentes M, Stahl T, Chowdhury HA, Schlussel Y, Shapses SA. Overweight postmenopausal women lose bone with moderate weight reduction and 1 g/day calcium intake. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:455–63.
131. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Beach AM, Kris-Etherton PM. Provision of foods differing in energy density affects long-term weight loss. Obes Res 2005;13:1052–60.
132. Rothacker DQ, Staniszewski BA, Ellis PK. Liquid meal replacement vs traditional food: a potential model for women who cannot maintain eating habit change. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:345–7.
133. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2074–81.
134. Saris WH, Astrup A, Prentice AM et al. Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: the CARMEN study. The Carbohydrate Ratio Management in European National diets. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1310–8.
135. Seshadri P, Iqbal N, Stern L et al. A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Am J Med 2004;117:398–405.
136. Seshadri P, Samaha FF, Stern L, Chicano KL, Daily DA, Iqbal N. Free fatty acids, insulin resistance, and corrected qt intervals in morbid obesity: effect of weight loss during 6 months with differing dietary interventions. Endocr Pract 2005;11:234–9.
137. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778–85.
138. Swenson BR, Saalwachter Schulman A, Edwards MJ et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet on post laparoscopic gastric bypass weight loss: a prospective randomized trial. J Surg Res 2007;142:308–13.
139. Tanumihardjo SA, Valentine AR, Zhang Z, Whigham LD, Lai HJ, Atkinson RL. Strategies to increase vegetable or reduce energy and fat intake induce weight loss in adults. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009;234:542–52.
140. Tapsell LC, Batterham MJ, Teuss G et al. Long-term effects of increased dietary polyunsaturated fat from walnuts on metabolic parameters in type II diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63:1008–15.
141. Tay J, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Keogh J, Clifton PM. Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:59–67.
142. Thompson WG, Rostad Holdman N, Janzow DJ, Slezak JM, Morris KL, Zemel MB. Effect of energy-reduced diets high in dairy products and fiber on weight loss in obese adults. Obes Res 2005;13:1344–53.
143. Thorpe MP, Jacobson EH, Layman DK, He X, Kris-Etherton PM, Evans EM. A diet high in protein, dairy, and calcium attenuates bone loss over twelve months of weight loss and maintenance relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate diet in adults. J Nutr 2008;138:1096–100.
144. Vázquez C, Montagna C, Alcaraz F et al. Meal replacement with a low-calorie diet formula in weight loss maintenance after weight loss induction with diet alone. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63:1226–32.
145. Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, Polley BA, Lang W. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:350–9.
146. Zemel MB, Richards J, Milstead A, Campbell P. Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in African-American adults. Obes Res 2005;13:1218–25.
147. Zemel MB, Thompson W, Milstead A, Morris K, Campbell P. Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults. Obes Res 2004;12:582–90.
148. Skov AR, Toubro S, Bülow J, Krabbe K, Parving HH, Astrup A. Changes in renal function during weight loss induced by high vs low-protein low-fat diets in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:1170–7.
149. Skov AR, Toubro S, Rønn B, Holm L, Astrup A. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:528–36.
150. Torgerson JS, Agren L, Sjöström L. Effects on body weight of strict or liberal adherence to an initial period of VLCD treatment. A randomised, one-year clinical trial of obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:190–7.
151. Ashley JM, St Jeor ST, Schrage JP et al. Weight control in the physician's office. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1599–604.
152. Poppitt SD, Keogh GF, Prentice AM et al. Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:11–20.
153. Skov AR, Haulrik N, Toubro S, Mølgaard C, Astrup A. Effect of protein intake on bone mineralization during weight loss: a 6-month trial. Obes Res 2002;10:432–8.
154. Wien MA, Sabaté JM, Iklé DN, Cole SE, Kandeel FR. Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1365–72.
155. Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1283–90.
156. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Lanou AJ. Effects of a low-fat vegan diet and a Step II diet on macro- and micronutrient intakes in overweight postmenopausal women. Nutrition 2004;20:738–46.
157. Wadden TA, Foster GD, Sarwer DB et al. Dieting and the development of eating disorders in obese women: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:560–8.
158. Lejeune MPGM, Kovacs EMR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr 2005;93:281–9.
159. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ et al. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia 2005;48:8–16.
160. Burke LE, Styn MA, Steenkiste AR, Music E, Warziski M, Choo J. A randomized clinical trial testing treatment preference and two dietary options in behavioral weight management: preliminary results of the impact of diet at 6 months—PREFER study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2007–17.
161. Pittas AG, Roberts SB, Das SK et al. The effects of the dietary glycemic load on type 2 diabetes risk factors during weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2200–9.
162. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007;297:2092–102.
163. Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR. A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:2276–81.
164. Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:306–14.
165. Frisch S, Zittermann A, Berthold HK et al. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of carbohydrate-reduced or fat-reduced diets in patients attending a telemedically guided weight loss program. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009;8:36.
166. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009;360:859–73.
167. Burke LE, Hudson AG, Warziski MT et al. Effects of a vegetarian diet and treatment preference on biochemical and dietary variables in overweight and obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:588–96.
168. Ashley JM, St Jeor ST, Perumean-Chaney S, Schrage J, Bovee V. Meal replacements in weight intervention. Obes Res 2001;9 Suppl 4:312S–320S.
169. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institute of Washington publication 279. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1919.
170. Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:241–7.
171. World Health Organization. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1985:1–206.
172. World Health Organization. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Technical Report Series No. 724. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1985:1–206.
173. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med 1995;332:621–8.
174. Grundy SM, National Cholesterol Education Program—The National Cholesterol Guidelines in Adult Treatment Panel III. Approach to lipoprotein management in 2001 National Cholesterol Guidelines. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:11i–21i.
175. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006;114:82–96.
176. American Diabetes Association, Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J et al. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2008;31 Suppl 1:S61–78. Erratum in: Diabetes Care. 2010;33(8):1911.
177. Halton TL, Hu FB. The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:373–85.
178. Lejeune MP, Westerterp KR, Adam TC, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, 24-h satiety, and energy and substrate metabolism during a high-protein diet and measured in a respiration chamber. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:89–94.
179. Sears B, Lawren W. The Zone. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
180. Atkins R. Dr. Atkins’ NEW diet revolution. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.
181. Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:353–55.
182. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1117–24.
183. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:3–10.
184. Kaukua J, Pekkarinen T, Sane T, Mustajoki P. Health-related quality of life in WHO class II-III obese men losing weight with very-low-energy diet and behaviour modification: a randomised clinical trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:487–95.
185. Borg P, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Fogelholm M, Pasanen M. Effects of walking or resistance training on weight loss maintenance in obese, middle-aged men: a randomized trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:676–83.
186. Stenius-Aarniala B, Poussa T, Kvarnström J, Grönlund EL, Ylikahri M, Mustajoki P. Immediate and long term effects of weight reduction in obese people with asthma: randomised controlled study. BMJ 2000;320:827–32.
187. Fogelholm M, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Nenonen A, Pasanen M. Effects of walking training on weight maintenance after a very-low-energy diet in premenopausal obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2177–84.
188. Bistrian BR, Sherman M. Results of the treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast. Int J Obes (Lond) 1978;2:143–8.
189. Hoffer LJ, Bistrian BR, Young VR, Blackburn GL, Wannemacher RW. Metabolic effects of carbohydrate in low-calorie diets. Metab Clin Exp 1984;33:820–5.
190. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition. 6th ed ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010.
191. Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW et al. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA 2003;289:2083–93.
192. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1998.
193. Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM et al. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary]. CMAJ 2007;176:S1–13.
194. Tsigos C, Hainer V, Basdevant A et al. Management of obesity in adults: European clinical practice guidelines. Obes Facts 2008;1:106–16.
195. U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for obesity in adults: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:930–2.
196. Management of Overweight and Obesity Working Group, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department of Defense. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of Overweight and Obesity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department of Defense, 2006:128.
197. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:459–71.
198. Befort CA, Donnelly JE, Sullivan DK, Ellerbeck EF, Perri MG. Group versus individual phone-based obesity treatment for rural women. Eat Behav 2010;11:11–7.
199. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Schiffer L, Sharp LK, Singh V, Dyer A. Obesity reduction black intervention trial (ORBIT): 18-month results. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:2317–25.
200. Harvey-Berino J, West D, Krukowski R et al. Internet delivered behavioral obesity treatment. Prev Med 2010;51:123–8.
201. Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA. Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304:1803–10.
202. Teixeira PJ, Silva MN, Coutinho SR et al. Mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle-aged women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:725–35.
203. Appel LJ, Clark JM, Yeh H-C et al. Comparative effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1959–68.
204. Wadden TA, Neiberg RH, Wing RR et al. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:1987–98.
205. Wadden TA, Volger S, Sarwer DB et al. A two-year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1969–79.
206. West DS, Gorin AA, Subak LL et al. A motivation-focused weight loss maintenance program is an effective alternative to a skill-based approach. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011;35:259–69.
207. Iqbal N, Vetter ML, Moore RH et al. Effects of a low-intensity intervention that prescribed a low-carbohydrate vs. a low-fat diet in obese, diabetic participants. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:1733–8.
208. Ames GE, Perri MG, Fox LD et al. Changing weight-loss expectations: a randomized pilot study. Eat Behav 2005;6:259–69.
209. Annunziato RA, Timko CA, Crerand CE et al. A randomized trial examining differential meal replacement adherence in a weight loss maintenance program after one-year follow-up. Eat Behav 2009;10:176–83.
210. Bacon L, Keim NL, Van Loan MD et al. Evaluating a 'non-diet' wellness intervention for improvement of metabolic fitness, psychological well-being and eating and activity behaviors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:854–65.
211. Bacon L, Stern JS, Van Loan MD, Keim NL. Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:929–36.
212. Brochu M, Malita MF, Messier V et al. Resistance training does not contribute to improving the metabolic profile after a 6-month weight loss program in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3226–33.
213. Burke V, Beilin LJ, Cutt HE, Mansour J, Williams A, Mori TA. A lifestyle program for treated hypertensives improved health-related behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors, a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:133–41.
214. Burke V, Beilin LJ, Cutt HE, Mansour J, Wilson A, Mori TA. Effects of a lifestyle programme on ambulatory blood pressure and drug dosage in treated hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens 2005;23:1241–9.
215. Burke V, Mori TA, Giangiulio N et al. An innovative program for changing health behaviours. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002;11 Suppl 3:S586–97.
216. Carels RA, Darby L, Cacciapaglia HM et al. Applying a stepped-care approach to the treatment of obesity. J Psychosom Res 2005;59:375–83.
217. Carels RA, Darby L, Cacciapaglia HM et al. Using motivational interviewing as a supplement to obesity treatment: a stepped-care approach. Health Psychol 2007;26:369–74.
218. Carels RA, Darby LA, Cacciapaglia HM, Douglass OM. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through a lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2004;13:412–26.
219. Carels RA, Darby LA, Douglass OM, Cacciapaglia HM, Rydin S. Education on the glycemic index of foods fails to improve treatment outcomes in a behavioral weight loss program. Eat Behav 2005;6:145–50.
220. Carels RA, Konrad K, Young KM et al. Taking control of your personal eating and exercise environment: a weight maintenance program. Eat Behav 2008;9:228–37.
221. Cheyette C. Weight No More: a randomised controlled trial for people with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy. Practical Diabetes International 2007;24:450–6.
222. Daly RM, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Jolley D, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. Does high-intensity resistance training maintain bone mass during moderate weight loss in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes? Osteporos Int 2005;16:1703–12.
223. Del Corral P, Chandler-Laney PC, Casazza K, Gower BA, Hunter GR. Effect of dietary adherence with or without exercise on weight loss: a mechanistic approach to a global problem. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1602–7.
224. Ditschuneit HH, Flechtner-Mors M, Johnson TD, Adler G. Metabolic and weight-loss effects of a long-term dietary intervention in obese patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:198–204.
225. Djuric Z, DiLaura NM, Jenkins I et al. Combining weight-loss counseling with the weight watchers plan for obese breast cancer survivors. Obes Res 2002;10:657–65.
226. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N et al. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1729–36.
227. Ely AC, Banitt A, Befort C et al. Kansas primary care weighs in: a pilot randomized trial of a chronic care model program for obesity in 3 rural Kansas primary care practices. J Rural Health 2008;24:125–32.
228. Fogelholm M, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Oja P. Eating control and physical activity as determinants of short-term weight maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet among obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:203–10.
229. Frimel TN, Sinacore DR, Villareal DT. Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1213–9.
230. Goodrick GK, Poston WS, Kimball KT, Reeves RS, Foreyt JP. Nondieting versus dieting treatment for overweight binge-eating women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998;66:363–8.
231. Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P et al. Does using the Internet facilitate the maintenance of weight loss? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:1254–60.
232. Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro SJ, Gold EC. The feasibility of using Internet support for the maintenance of weight loss. Behav Modif 2002;26:103–16.
233. Jeffery RW, Levy RL, Langer SL et al. A comparison of maintenance-tailored therapy (MTT) and standard behavior therapy (SBT) for the treatment of obesity. Prev Med 2009;49:384–9.
234. Jeffery RW, Linde JA, Finch EA, Rothman AJ, King CM. A satisfaction enhancement intervention for long-term weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:863–9.
235. Kennedy BM, Paeratakul S, Champagne CM et al. A pilot church-based weight loss program for African-American adults using church members as health educators: a comparison of individual and group intervention. Ethn Dis 2005;15:373–8.
236. Keränen A-M, Savolainen MJ, Reponen AH et al. The effect of eating behavior on weight loss and maintenance during a lifestyle intervention. Prev Med 2009;49:32–8.
237. Kinnunen TI, Pasanen M, Aittasalo M, Fogelholm M, Weiderpass E, Luoto R. Reducing postpartum weight retention--a pilot trial in primary health care. Nutr J 2007;6:21.
238. Kuller LH, Kinzel LS, Pettee KK et al. Lifestyle intervention and coronary heart disease risk factor changes over 18 months in postmenopausal women: the Women On the Move through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN study) clinical trial. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006;15:962–74.
239. Lantz H, Peltonen M, Agren L, Torgerson JS. A dietary and behavioural programme for the treatment of obesity. A 4-year clinical trial and a long-term posttreatment follow-up. J Intern Med 2003;254:272–9.
240. Lejeune MPGM, Van Aggel-Leijssen DPC, Van Baak MA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Effects of dietary restraint vs exercise during weight maintenance in obese men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:1338–44.
241. Lowe MR, Tappe KA, Annunziato RA et al. The effect of training in reduced energy density eating and food self-monitoring accuracy on weight loss maintenance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:2016–23.
242. Martin PD, Dutton GR, Rhode PC, Horswell RL, Ryan DH, Brantley PJ. Weight loss maintenance following a primary care intervention for low-income minority women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:2462–7.
243. Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Antonio AM, Smith SM et al. Pounds off with empowerment (POWER): a clinical trial of weight management strategies for black and white adults with diabetes who live in medically underserved rural communities. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1736–42.
244. McConnon A, Kirk SF, Cockroft JE et al. The Internet for weight control in an obese sample: results of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res 2007;7:206.
245. Melanson KJ, Angelopoulos TJ, Nguyen VT et al. Consumption of whole-grain cereals during weight loss: effects on dietary quality, dietary fiber, magnesium, vitamin B-6, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:1380–8.
246. Melanson KJ, Dell'Olio J, Carpenter MR, Angelopoulos TJ. Changes in multiple health outcomes at 12 and 24 weeks resulting from 12 weeks of exercise counseling with or without dietary counseling in obese adults. Nutrition 2004;20:849–56.
247. Melin I, Karlström B, Lappalainen R, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Vessby B. A programme of behaviour modification and nutrition counselling in the treatment of obesity: a randomised 2-y clinical trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1127–35.
248. Melin I, Reynisdottir S, Berglund L, Zamfir M, Karlström B. Conservative treatment of obesity in an academic obesity unit. Long-term outcome and drop-out. Eat Weight Disord 2006;11:22–30.
249. Mensink M, Blaak EE, Corpeleijn E, Saris WH, de Bruin TW, Feskens EJ. Lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations improves glucose tolerance. Obes Res 2003;11:1588–96.
250. Mensink M, Feskens EJM, Saris WHM, De Bruin TWA, Blaak EE. Study on Lifestyle Intervention and Impaired Glucose Tolerance Maastricht (SLIM): preliminary results after one year. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:377–84.
251. Micco N, Gold B, Buzzell P, Leonard H, Pintauro S, Harvey-Berino J. Minimal in-person support as an adjunct to internet obesity treatment. Ann Behav Med 2007;33:49–56.
252. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis C, Loeser RF, Lenchik L, Messier SP. Intensive weight loss program improves physical function in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1219–30.
253. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Loeser RF. Inflammatory biomarkers and physical function in older, obese adults with knee pain and self-reported osteoarthritis after intensive weight-loss therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:644–51.
254. Minniti A, Bissoli L, Di Francesco V et al. Individual versus group therapy for obesity: comparison of dropout rate and treatment outcome. Eat Weight Disord 2007;12:161–7.
255. Munsch S, Biedert E, Keller U. Evaluation of a lifestyle change programme for the treatment of obesity in general practice. Swiss Med Wkly 2003;133:148–54.
256. Penn L, White M, Oldroyd J, Walker M, Alberti KGMM, Mathers JC. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance: the European Diabetes Prevention RCT in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. BMC Public Health 2009;9:342.
257. Poston WSC, Haddock CK, Pinkston MM et al. Evaluation of a primary care-oriented brief counselling intervention for obesity with and without orlistat. J Intern Med 2006;260:388–98.
258. Prior SJ, Joseph LJ, Brandauer J, Katzel LI, Hagberg JM, Ryan AS. Reduction in midthigh low-density muscle with aerobic exercise training and weight loss impacts glucose tolerance in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:880–6.
259. Pritchard JE, Nowson CA, Billington T, Wark JD. Benefits of a year-long workplace weight loss program on cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr Diet 2002;59:87–96.
260. Racette SB, Weiss EP, Obert KA, Kohrt WM, Holloszy JO. Modest lifestyle intervention and glucose tolerance in obese African Americans. Obes Res 2001;9:348–55.
261. Ramirez EM, Rosen JC. A comparison of weight control and weight control plus body image therapy for obese men and women. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:440–6.
262. Renjilian DA, Perri MG, Nezu AM, McKelvey WF, Shermer RL, Anton SD. Individual versus group therapy for obesity: effects of matching participants to their treatment preferences. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:717–21.
263. Riebe D, Blissmer B, Greene G et al. Long-term maintenance of exercise and healthy eating behaviors in overweight adults. Prev Med 2005;40:769–78.
264. Sherwood NE, Jeffery RW, Pronk NP et al. Mail and phone interventions for weight loss in a managed-care setting: weigh-to-be 2-year outcomes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:1565–73.
265. Tuomilehto HPI, Seppä JM, Partinen MM et al. Lifestyle intervention with weight reduction: first-line treatment in mild obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:320–7.
266. van Wier MF, Ariëns GAM, Dekkers JC, Hendriksen IJM, Smid T, van Mechelen W. Phone and e-mail counselling are effective for weight management in an overweight working population: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2009;9:6.
267. Wadden TA, Vogt RA, Foster GD, Anderson DA. Exercise and the maintenance of weight loss: 1-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998;66:429–33.
268. Wang X, Lyles MF, You T, Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Nicklas BJ. Weight regain is related to decreases in physical activity during weight loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:1781–8.
269. Wang X, Miller GD, Messier SP, Nicklas BJ. Knee strength maintained despite loss of lean body mass during weight loss in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007;62:866–71.
270. Weinstock RS, Dai H, Wadden TA. Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity: effects of 3 interventions on insulin resistance. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2477–83.
271. Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;67:132–8.
272. Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Prescribed "breaks" as a means to disrupt weight control efforts. Obes Res 2003;11:287–91.
273. Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Using Internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. JAMA 2001;285:1172–7.
274. West DS, Elaine Prewitt T, Bursac Z, Felix HC. Weight loss of black, white, and Hispanic men and women in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1413–20.
275. West DS, DiLillo V, Bursac Z, Gore SA, Greene PG. Motivational interviewing improves weight loss in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1081–7.
276. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 1998;279:839–46.
277. Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, Raynor HA, Fava JL. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1563–71.
278. Wolf AM, Conaway MR, Crowther JQ et al. Translating lifestyle intervention to practice in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1570–6.
279. Womble LG, Wadden TA, McGuckin BG, Sargent SL, Rothman RA, Krauthamer-Ewing ES. A randomized controlled trial of a commercial internet weight loss program. Obes Res 2004;12:1011–8.
280. Andersen RE, Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, Zemel B, Verde TJ, Franckowiak SC. Effects of lifestyle activity vs structured aerobic exercise in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 1999;281:335–40.
281. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette EC et al. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1947–58.
282. Byrne NM, Meerkin JD, Laukkanen R, Ross R, Fogelholm M, Hills AP. Weight loss strategies for obese adults: personalized weight management program vs. standard care. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1777–88.
283. Christian JG, Bessesen DH, Byers TE, Christian KK, Goldstein MG, Bock BC. Clinic-based support to help overweight patients with type 2 diabetes increase physical activity and lose weight. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:141–6.
284. Cussler EC, Teixeira PJ, Going SB et al. Maintenance of weight loss in overweight middle-aged women through the Internet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1052–60.
285. Dale KS, McAuley KA, Taylor RW et al. Determining optimal approaches for weight maintenance: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2009;180:E39–46.
286. Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009;374:1677–86.
287. Eriksson J, Lindström J, Valle T et al. Prevention of Type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) in Finland. Study design and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme. Diabetologia 1999;42:793–801.
288. Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C et al. Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:2978–84.
289. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:1799–804.
290. Foster GD, Borradaile KE, Sanders MH et al. A randomized study on the effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Sleep AHEAD study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1619–26.
291. Gold BC, Burke S, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, Harvey-Berino J. Weight loss on the web: a pilot study comparing a structured behavioral intervention to a commercial program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:155–64.
292. Greaves CJ, Middlebrooke A, O'Loughlin L et al. Motivational interviewing for modifying diabetes risk: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract 2008;58:535–40.
293. Haapala I, Barengo NC, Biggs S, Surakka L, Manninen P. Weight loss by mobile phone: a 1-year effectiveness study. Public Health Nutr 2009;12:2382–91.
294. Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, Gold EC. Effect of internet support on the long-term maintenance of weight loss. Obes Res 2004;12:320–9.
295. Heshka S, Greenway F, Anderson JW et al. Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study. Am J Med 2000;109:282–7.
296. Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL et al. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:1792–8.
297. Hunter CM, Peterson AL, Alvarez LM et al. Weight management using the internet a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 2008;34:119–26.
298. Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Gallagher KI, Napolitano M, Lang W. Effect of exercise duration and intensity on weight loss in overweight, sedentary women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;290:1323–30.
299. Jakicic JM, Marcus BH, Lang W, Janney C. Effect of exercise on 24-month weight loss maintenance in overweight women. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1550–9.
300. Jakicic JM, Winters C, Lang W, Wing RR. Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment on adherence, weight loss, and fitness in overweight women: a randomized trial. JAMA 1999;282:1554–60.
301. Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Sherwood NE, Tate DF. Physical activity and weight loss: does prescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome? Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:684–9.
302. Kaukua J, Pekkarinen T, Sane T, Mustajoki P. Sex hormones and sexual function in obese men losing weight. Obes Res 2003;11:689–94.
303. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393–403.
304. Kulzer B, Hermanns N, Gorges D, Schwarz P, Haak T. Prevention of diabetes self-management program (PREDIAS): effects on weight, metabolic risk factors, and behavioral outcomes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1143–6.
305. Kumanyika SK, Espeland MA, Bahnson JL et al. Ethnic comparison of weight loss in the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Obes Res 2002;10:96–106.
306. Leermakers EA, Perri MG, Shigaki CL, Fuller PR. Effects of exercise-focused versus weight-focused maintenance programs on the management of obesity. Addict Behav 1999;24:219–27.
307. Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT et al. Prevention of diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study: results from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:S108–13.
308. Lindström J, Louheranta A, Mannelin M et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): Lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3230–6.
309. Logue E, Sutton K, Jarjoura D, Smucker W, Baughman K, Capers C. Transtheoretical model-chronic disease care for obesity in primary care: a randomized trial. Obes Res 2005;13:917–27.
310. Wadden TA, West DS, Delahanty L et al. The Look AHEAD study: a description of the lifestyle intervention and the evidence supporting it. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:737–52.
311. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1501–10.
312. Miller GD, Rejeski WJ, Williamson JD et al. The Arthritis, Diet and Activity Promotion Trial (ADAPT): design, rationale, and baseline results. Control Clin Trials 2003;24:462–80.
313. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis CC, Ambrosius WT, Loeser RF, Messier SP. Is serum leptin related to physical function and is it modifiable through weight loss and exercise in older adults with knee osteoarthritis? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1383–90.
314. Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Collins CE, Warren JM, Callister R. The SHED-IT randomized controlled trial: evaluation of an Internet-based weight-loss program for men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:2025–32.
315. Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP et al. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:544–51.
316. Perri MG, Limacher MC, Durning PE et al. Extended-care programs for weight management in rural communities: the treatment of obesity in underserved rural settings (TOURS) randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2347–54.
317. Perri MG, Nezu AM, McKelvey WF, Shermer RL, Renjilian DA, Viegener BJ. Relapse prevention training and problem-solving therapy in the long-term management of obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001;69:722–6.
318. Rejeski WJ, Focht BC, Messier SP, Morgan T, Pahor M, Penninx B. Obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis: weight loss, exercise, and quality of life. Health Psychol 2002;21:419–26.
319. Rock CL, Pakiz B, Flatt SW, Quintana EL. Randomized trial of a multifaceted commercial weight loss program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:939–49.
320. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR et al. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:1–11.
321. Stolley MR, Fitzgibbon ML, Schiffer L et al. Obesity reduction black intervention trial (ORBIT): six-month results. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:100–6.
322. Subak LL, Wing R, West DS et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med 2009;360:481–90.
323. Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:1139–48.
324. Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:1833–6.
325. Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing human e-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1620–5.
326. Tate DF, Jeffery RW, Sherwood NE, Wing RR. Long-term weight losses associated with prescription of higher physical activity goals. Are higher levels of physical activity protective against weight regain? Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:954–9.
327. ter Bogt NCW, Bemelmans WJE, Beltman FW, Broer J, Smit AJ, van der Meer K. Preventing weight gain: one-year results of a randomized lifestyle intervention. Am J Prev Med 2009;37:270–7.
328. Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A et al. Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC "diet trials". BMJ 2006;332:1309–14.
329. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343–50.
330. Uusitupa M, Louheranta A, Lindström J et al. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Br J Nutr 2000;83 Suppl 1:S137–42.
331. Wadden TA, West DS, Neiberg RH et al. One-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with success. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:713–22.
332. Labs Writing Group for the LABS Consortium, Belle SH, Chapman W et al. Relationship of body mass index with demographic and clinical characteristics in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS). Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008;4:474–80.
333. McTigue K, Larson JC, Valoski A et al. Mortality and cardiac and vascular outcomes in extremely obese women. JAMA 2006;296:79–86.
334. Elder KA, Wolfe BM. Bariatric surgery: a review of procedures and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2007;132:2253–71.
335. Bray GA, Barry RE, Benfield JR, Castelnuovo-Tedesco P, Rodin J. Intestinal bypass surgery for obesity decreases food intake and taste preferences. Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29:779–83.
336. Sugerman HJ, Starkey JV, Birkenhauer R. A randomized prospective trial of gastric bypass versus vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity and their effects on sweets versus non-sweets eaters. Ann Surg 1987;205:613–24.
337. Puzziferri N, Austrheim-Smith IT, Wolfe BM, Wilson SE, Nguyen NT. Three-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial comparing laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass. Ann Surg 2006;243:181–8.
338. Nguyen NT, Goldman C, Rosenquist CJ et al. Laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass: a randomized study of outcomes, quality of life, and costs. Ann Surg 2001;234:279–89.
339. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Updated Position Statement on Sleeve Gastrectomy as a Bariatric Procedure. Gainesville, FL: American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery,, 2011:16.
340. Kehagias I, Karamanakos SN, Argentou M, Kalfarentzos F. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for the management of patients with BMI < 50 kg/m2. Obes Surg 2011;21:1650–6.
341. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A et al. Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1577–85.
342. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1567–76.
343. Wölnerhanssen BK, Peters T, Kern B et al. Predictors of outcome in treatment of morbid obesity by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: results of a prospective study of 380 patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008;4:500–6.
344. Smith MD, Patterson E, Wahed AS et al. Relationship between surgeon volume and adverse outcomes after RYGB in Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010;6:118–25.
345. Lee WJ, Chong K, Ser KH et al. Gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 2011;146:143–8.
346. Singhal R, Kitchen M, Bridgwater S, Super P. Dietetic-led management of patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric banding: early results. Surg Endosc 2010;24:1268–73.
347. Blackstone RP, Cortes MC. Metabolic acuity score: effect on major complications after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010;6:267–73.
348. Sjostrom CD, Peltonen M, Wedel H, Sjostrom L. Differentiated long-term effects of intentional weight loss on diabetes and hypertension. Hypertension 2000;36:20–5.
349. Alami RS, Morton JM, Schuster R et al. Is there a benefit to preoperative weight loss in gastric bypass patients? A prospective randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007;3:141–5.
350. Angrisani L, Di Lorenzo N, Favretti F et al. The Italian Group for LAP-BAND: predictive value of initial body mass index for weight loss after 5 years of follow-up. Surg Endosc 2004;18:1524–7.
351. Anthone GJ, Lord RVN, DeMeester TR, Crookes PF. The duodenal switch operation for the treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2003;238:618–27.
352. Arceo-Olaiz R, España-Gómez MN, Montalvo-Hernández J, Velázquez-Fernández D, Pantoja JP, Herrera MF. Maximal weight loss after banded and unbanded laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008;4:507–11.
353. Basdevant A, Paita M, Rodde-Dunet M-H et al. A nationwide survey on bariatric surgery in France: two years prospective follow-up. Obes Surg 2007;17:39–44.
354. Brolin RE, Bradley LJ, Wilson AC, Cody RP. Lipid risk profile and weight stability after gastric restrictive operations for morbid obesity. J Gastrointest Surg 2000;4:464–9.
355. Busetto L, Segato G, De Luca M et al. Weight loss and postoperative complications in morbidly obese patients with binge eating disorder treated by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg 2005;15:195–201.
356. Choban PS, Flancbaum L. The effect of Roux limb lengths on outcome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Obes Surg 2002;12:540–5.
357. Christou NV, Look D, Maclean LD. Weight gain after short- and long-limb gastric bypass in patients followed for longer than 10 years. Ann Surg 2006;244:734–40.
358. Gravante G, Araco A, Araco F, Delogu D, De Lorenzo A, Cervelli V. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric bandings: a prospective randomized study of 400 operations performed with 2 different devices. Arch Surg 2007;142:958–61.
359. Himpens J, Dapri G, Cadière GB. A prospective randomized study between laparoscopic gastric banding and laparoscopic isolated sleeve gastrectomy: results after 1 and 3 years. Obes Surg 2006;16:1450–6.
360. Nguyen NT, Slone JA, Nguyen X-MT, Hartman JS, Hoyt DB. A Prospective Randomized Trial of Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Versus Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding for the Treatment of Morbid Obesity: Outcomes, Quality of Life, and Costs. Ann Surg 2009.
361. Nickel C, Widermann C, Harms D et al. Patients with extreme obesity: change in mental symptoms three years after gastric banding. Int J Psychiatry Med 2005;35:109–22.
362. Nocca D, Krawczykowsky D, Bomans B et al. A prospective multicenter study of 163 sleeve gastrectomies: results at 1 and 2 years. Obes Surg 2008;18:560–5.
363. Parikh MS, Fielding GA, Ren CJ. U.S. experience with 749 laparoscopic adjustable gastric bands: intermediate outcomes. Surg Endosc 2005;19:1631–5.
364. Peeters A, O'Brien PE, Laurie C et al. Substantial intentional weight loss and mortality in the severely obese. Ann Surg 2007;246:1028–33.
365. Pontiroli AE, Folli F, Paganelli M et al. Laparoscopic gastric banding prevents type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension and induces their remission in morbid obesity: a 4-year case-controlled study. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2703–9.
366. Prachand VN, Davee RT, Alverdy JC. Duodenal switch provides superior weight loss in the super-obese (BMI > or =50 kg/m2) compared with gastric bypass. Ann Surg 2006;244:611–9.
367. Puzziferri N, Nakonezny PA, Livingston EH, Carmody TJ, Provost DA, Rush AJ. Variations of weight loss following gastric bypass and gastric band. Ann Surg 2008;248:233–42.
368. Rabkin RA. Distal gastric bypass/duodenal switch procedure, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion in a community practice. Obes Surg 1998;8:53–9.
369. Sampalis JS, Sampalis F, Christou N. Impact of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal morbidity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2006;2:587–91.
370. Schowalter M, Benecke A, Lager C et al. Changes in depression following gastric banding: a 5- to 7-year prospective study. Obes Surg 2008;18:314–20.
371. Simard B, Turcotte H, Marceau P et al. Asthma and sleep apnea in patients with morbid obesity: outcome after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2004;14:1381–8.
372. Spivak H, Hewitt MF, Onn A, Half EE. Weight loss and improvement of obesity-related illness in 500 U.S. patients following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding procedure. Am J Surg 2005;189:27–32.
373. Suter M, Giusti V, Worreth M, Héraief E, Calmes J-M. Laparoscopic gastric banding: a prospective, randomized study comparing the Lapband and the SAGB: early results. Ann Surg 2005;241:55–62.
374. Weiner R, Blanco-Engert R, Weiner S, Matkowitz R, Schaefer L, Pomhoff I. Outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding - 8 years experience. Obes Surg 2003;13:427–34.
375. Wittgrove AC, Clark GW. Laparoscopic gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y- 500 patients: technique and results, with 3-60 month follow-up. Obes Surg 2000;10:233–9.
376. Adami GF, Papadia F, Carlini F, Murelli F, Scopinaro N. Effect of biliopancreatic diversion on hypertension in severely obese patients. Hypertens Res 2005;28:119–23.
377. Agaba EA, Shamseddeen H, Gentles CV, Sasthakonar V, Gellman L, Gadaleta D. Laparoscopic vs open gastric bypass in the management of morbid obesity: a 7-year retrospective study of 1,364 patients from a single center. Obes Surg 2008;18:1359–63.
378. Angrisani L, Lorenzo M, Borrelli V. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 5-year results of a prospective randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007;3:127–32.
379. Bessler M, Daud A, Kim T, DiGiorgi M. Prospective randomized trial of banded versus nonbanded gastric bypass for the super obese: early results. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007;3:480–4.
380. Biertho L, Steffen R, Branson R et al. Management of failed adjustable gastric banding. Surgery 2005;137:33–41.
381. Dixon JB, O'Brien PE, Playfair J et al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:316–23.
382. Favretti F, Cadière GB, Segato G et al. Laparoscopic banding: selection and technique in 830 patients. Obes Surg 2002;12:385–90.
383. Favretti F, Segato G, Ashton D et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in 1,791 consecutive obese patients: 12-year results. Obes Surg 2007;17:168–75.
384. Grunstein RR, Stenlöf K, Hedner JA, Peltonen M, Karason K, Sjöström L. Two year reduction in sleep apnea symptoms and associated diabetes incidence after weight loss in severe obesity. Sleep 2007;30:703–10.
385. Ikonomidis I, Mazarakis A, Papadopoulos C et al. Weight loss after bariatric surgery improves aortic elastic properties and left ventricular function in individuals with morbid obesity: a 3-year follow-up study. J Hypertens 2007;25:439–47.
386. Karlsson J, Sjöström L, Sullivan M. Swedish obese subjects (SOS)—an intervention study of obesity. Two-year follow-up of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and eating behavior after gastric surgery for severe obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:113–26.
387. Karlsson J, Taft C, Rydén A, Sjöström L, Sullivan M. Ten-year trends in health-related quality of life after surgical and conventional treatment for severe obesity: the SOS intervention study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:1248–61.
388. Larrad-Jiménez A, Díaz-Guerra CS-C, de Cuadros Borrajo P, Lesmes IB, Esteban BM. Short-, mid- and long-term results of Larrad biliopancreatic diversion. Obes Surg 2007;17:202–10.
389. Flum DR, Belle SH, King WC et al. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2009;361:445–54.
390. Lopez-Jimenez F, Bhatia S, Collazo-Clavell ML, Sarr MG, Somers VK. Safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in patients with coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:1157–62.
391. Marinari GM, Papadia FS, Briatore L, Adami G, Scopinaro N. Type 2 diabetes and weight loss following biliopancreatic diversion for obesity. Obes Surg 2006;16:1440–4.
392. Narbro K, Agren G, Jonsson E et al. Sick leave and disability pension before and after treatment for obesity: a report from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:619–24.
393. Naslund I. Lessons from the Swedish Obese Subjects Study: The effects of surgically induced weight loss on obesity comorbidity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2005;1:140–4.
394. O'Brien PE, Dixon JB, Laurie C et al. Treatment of mild to moderate obesity with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or an intensive medical program: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:625–33.
395. Sekhar N, Torquati A, Youssef Y, Wright JK, Richards WO. A comparison of 399 open and 568 laparoscopic gastric bypasses performed during a 4-year period. Surg Endosc 2007;21:665–8.
396. Sjöström CD. Surgery as an intervention for obesity. Results from the Swedish obese subjects study. Growth Horm IGF Res 2003;13 Suppl A:S22–6.
397. Sjöström CD, Lissner L, Wedel H, Sjöström L. Reduction in incidence of diabetes, hypertension and lipid disturbances after intentional weight loss induced by bariatric surgery: the SOS Intervention Study. Obes Res 1999;7:477–84.
398. Sjöström CD, Peltonen M, Sjöström L. Blood pressure and pulse pressure during long-term weight loss in the obese: the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Intervention Study. Obes Res 2001;9:188–95.
399. Sjöström L. Bariatric surgery and reduction in morbidity and mortality: experiences from the SOS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32 Suppl 7:S93–7.
400. Sjöström L, Gummesson A, Sjöström CD et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on cancer incidence in obese patients in Sweden (Swedish Obese Subjects Study): a prospective, controlled intervention trial. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:653–62.
401. Sjöström L, Lindroos A-K, Peltonen M et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2683–93.
402. Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2007;357:741–52.
403. Steffen R, Biertho L, Ricklin T, Piec G, Horber FF. Laparoscopic Swedish adjustable gastric banding: a five-year prospective study. Obes Surg 2003;13:404–11.
404. Weber M, Müller MK, Bucher T et al. Laparoscopic gastric bypass is superior to laparoscopic gastric banding for treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2004;240:975–82.
405. Weiner RA, Weiner S, Pomhoff I, Jacobi C, Makarewicz W, Weigand G. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy—influence of sleeve size and resected gastric volume. Obes Surg 2007;17:1297–305.
406. Montero PN, Stefanidis D, Norton HJ, Gersin K, Kuwada T. Reported excess weight loss after bariatric surgery could vary significantly depending on calculation method: a plea for standardization. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011;7:531–4.
407. Buse JB, Caprio S, Cefalu WT et al. How do we define cure of diabetes? Diabetes Care 2009;32:2133–5.
408. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26 Suppl 1:S5–20.
409. Dannenberg AL, Kannel WB. Remission of hypertension. The 'natural' history of blood pressure treatment in the Framingham Study. JAMA 1987;257:1477–83.
410. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA expands use of banding system for weight loss. U.S. Food and Drug Administration,, 2011:FDA News Release.
411. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Draft Discussion Questions for LAP-BAND® Panel. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration,, 2011.
412. Birkmeyer NJ, Dimick JB, Share D et al. Hospital complication rates with bariatric surgery in Michigan. JAMA 2010;304:435–42.
413. Flum DR, Salem L, Elrod JA, Dellinger EP, Cheadle A, Chan L. Early mortality among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing bariatric surgical procedures. JAMA 2005;294:1903–8.
414. Sovik TT, Aasheim ET, Taha O et al. Weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and quality of life after gastric bypass and duodenal switch: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:281–91.
415. Maciejewski ML, Winegar DA, Farley JF, Wolfe BM, Demaria EJ. Risk stratification of serious adverse events after gastric bypass in the Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2012;8:671–7.
416. Finks JF, Kole KL, Yenumula PR et al. Predicting risk for serious complications with bariatric surgery: results from the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative. Ann Surg 2011;254:633–40.
417. DeMaria EJ, Murr M, Byrne TK et al. Validation of the obesity surgery mortality risk score in a multicenter study proves it stratifies mortality risk in patients undergoing gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2007;246:578–82; discussion 583–4.
418. Gupta PK, Franck C, Miller WJ, Gupta H, Forse RA. Development and validation of a bariatric surgery morbidity risk calculator using the prospective, multicenter NSQIP dataset. J Am Coll Surg 2011;212:301–9.
419. Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S et al. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2012;367:695-704.
420. Sjostrom L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA 2012;307:56-65.
421. Romeo S, Maglio C, Burza MA et al. Cardiovascular events after bariatric surgery in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2613-7.
422. Maggard-Gibbons M, Maglione M, Livhits M et al. Bariatric surgery for weight loss and glycemic control in nonmorbidly obese adults with diabetes: a systematic review. JAMA 2013;309:2250-61.
423. Sjostrom L. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial - a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. J Intern Med 2013;273:219-34.
424. King WC, Chen JY, Mitchell JE et al. Prevalence of alcohol use disorders before and after bariatric surgery. JAMA 2012;307:2516–25.
425. Svensson PA, Anveden A, Romeo S et al. Alcohol consumption and alcohol problems after bariatric surgery in the swedish obese subjects study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013.
426. Adams TD, Davidson LE, Litwin SE et al. Health benefits of gastric bypass surgery after 6 years. JAMA 2012;308:1122–31.
427. Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB. Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:376–80.
428. Dubben HH, Beck-Bornholdt HP. Systematic review of publication bias in studies on publication bias. BMJ 2005;331:433–4.
429. Collaboration TC. The Cochrane Collaboration Open Learning Material. 2002.
430. Shaneyfelt T, Ortiz E. Applying evidence to the care of a patient with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: how to find and use a systematic review. Semin Med Pract 2006;9:29–40.
431. White MW, Ip S, McPheeters M et al. Using Systematic Reviews to Replace de Novo Processes in CERs. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009:Web version of chapter from "Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews".
David B. Allison, who directs the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and colleagues
N Engl J Med 2013;368:446-454.
2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obese Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Obesity Society. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539
N Engl J Med 2013; 368:446-454January 31, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1208051
http://bit.ly/Jc7Uxe
Clinical Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Adjunct Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Director, Comprehensive Weight Control Program, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York Disclosure: Grants/Research Support: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Arena, Medtronic, Merck & Co., Inc., Medacure Inc., Obecure, Orexigen, Pfizer Inc, sanofi-aventis, VIVUS, Inc.; Consultant: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Genaera, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck & Co., Inc., Orexigen, Pfizer Inc; Speakers Bureau: Pfizer Inc, sanofi-aventis
Kumanyika SK, Obarzanek E, Stettler N, et al. Population-based prevention of obesity. The need for comprehensive promotion of healthful eating, physical activity, and energy balance. A scientific statement from American Heart Association council on epidemiology and prevention, interdisciplinary committee for prevention (formerly the expert panel on population and prevention science). Circulation 2008; DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.189702. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org.
Charles Vega, MD, FAAFPAmerican College of Physicians Issues Guidelines for Obesity Management. April 4, 2005;
Leisha Bevoni, PA-C, MMSc. Clinician Reviews 13(5):56-62, 2003. © 2003 Clinicians Group, LLC. Posted 06/17/2003
https://www.medpagetoday.com/reading-room/endocrine-society/diabetes/73598?xid=nl_mpt_DHE_2018-06-21&eun=g391445d0r&pos=13&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Daily%20Headlines%202018-06-21&utm_term=Daily%20Headlines%20-%20Active%20User%20-%20180%20days
http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=2555929
Cerhan JR, Moore SC, Jacobs EJ, et al. A pooled analysis of waist circumference and mortality in 650 000 adults. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89: 335-345. Article
Arnold SV, Lipska KJ, Li Y, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;Apr 3:[Epub ahead of print].
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(8):704-708. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.062
Most Acute MI Patients Qualify For Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosis While In Hospital. mailview.bulletinhealthcare.com/mailview.aspx?m=2013042901acc&r=1558609-fa42&l=001-01a&t=c
Cornier MA, Deprés JP, Davis N, et al. Assessing adiposity: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; DOI: 10.1161/CIR0b013e318233bc6a. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org.
Abdominal Obesity Linked to Lower Total Brain Volume in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults. Ann Neurol. Published online May 20, 2010.
Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies.de Koning L ; Merchant AT ; Pogue J ; Anand SS Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8L 2X2. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28(7):850-6 (ISSN: 0195-668X)
CV Patient Profiles: Managing Multiple Risk Factors CME. Miriam T. Vincent, MD, PhD; Michael A. Weber, MD; Charles B. Eaton, MD, MS; Jason M. Lazar, MD, FACC, FACCP. April 10, 2007. http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/6848_index
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006; 47:1093-1100, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.046 (Published online 21 February 2006).
The Obesity Charge. SHARON EPPERSON. Sep. 08, 2003
Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Low When Weight Is Stable. Medscape Medical News 2004. © 2004 Medscape
The Obesity Epidemic: Prevention and Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome. George L. Blackburn, MD, PhD; Laura C. Bevis, MSN, ARNP, FNP-C, ACNP-C.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2016/09/19/CIR.0000000000000444
BMJ 2013;347:f6879 doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6879 (Published 19 December 2013)
Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ; 2Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, UK
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/896482?nlid=122367_4502&src=wnl_dne_180511_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1629894&faf=1#vp_1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/894572?nlid=121628_4502&src=wnl_dne_180402_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1597074&faf=1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/892470?src=wnl_mdplsnews_180216_mscpedit_wir&uac=69692CG&impID=1561020&faf=1
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/873860_4?nlid=112894_3922
http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2016/11/12/22/28/sunday-4pm-et-genetic-risk-adherence-to-a-healthy-lifestyle-aha-2016?utm_source=journalscan&utm_medium=email_newsletter&utm_campaign=journalscan&utm_content=20161117
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/868971
Lifestyle Interventions: The Best Medicine You're Not Using. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al; American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121:586-613.
Ford ES, Greenlund KJ, Hong Y. Ideal cardiovascular health and mortality from all causes and diseases of the circulatory system among adults in the United States. Circulation. 2012;125:987-995.
Ahmed HM, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, et al. Low-risk lifestyle, coronary calcium, cardiovascular events, and mortality: results from MESA. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178:12-21.
Chiuve SE, McCullough ML, Sacks FM, Rimm EB. Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation. 2006;114:160-167.
Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:16-22.
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al; INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937-952.
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.
Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117-1124.
Djousse L, Driver JA, Gaziano JM. Relation between modifiable lifestyle factors and lifetime risk of heart failure. JAMA. 2009;302:394-400.
Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:145-154.
O'Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, et al; HF-ACTION Investigators. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1439-1450.
Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:383-393.
Pierce JP, Natarajan L, Caan BJ, et al. Influence of a diet very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat on prognosis following treatment for breast cancer: the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) randomized trial. JAMA. 2007;298:289-298.
Gregg EW, Chen H, Wagenknecht LE, et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. Association of an intensive lifestyle intervention with remission of type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2012;308:2489-2496.
Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, et al. Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;312:923-933.
Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006;295:655-666.
Alhassan S, Kim S, Bersamin A, King AC, Gardner CD. Dietary adherence and weight loss success among overweight women: results from the A TO Z weight loss study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:985-991.
Wadden TA, Neiberg RH, Wing RR, et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. Four-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD study: factors associated with long-term success. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19:1987-1998.
Toft UN, Kristoffersen LH, Aadahl M, von Huth Smith L, Pisinger C, Jorgensen T. Diet and exercise intervention in a general population—mediators of participation and adherence: the Inter99 study. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17:455-463.
Tappin D, Bauld L, Purves D, et al; Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial Team. Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015;350:h134.
Giles EL, Robalino S, Sniehotta FF, Adams J, McColl E. Acceptability of financial incentives for encouraging uptake of healthy behaviours: a critical review using systematic methods. Prev Med. 2015;73C:145-158.
Park JD, Mitra N, Asch DA. Public opinion about financial incentives for smoking cessation. Prev Med. 2012;55 Suppl:S41-S45.
Ryan M, Yi D, Avenell A, et al. Gaining pounds by losing pounds: preferences for lifestyle interventions to reduce obesity. Health Econ Policy Law. 2015;10:161-182.
Booth HP, Prevost AT, Gulliford MC. Access to weight reduction interventions for overweight and obese patients in UK primary care: population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006642.
Stafford RS, Farhat JH, Misra B, Schoenfeld DA. National patterns of physician activities related to obesity management. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:631-638.
McAlpine DD, Wilson AR. Trends in obesity-related counseling in primary care: 1995-2004. Med Care. 2007;45:322-329.
Jonas WB. Physician health promotion training activities in primary care: a survey of the military residencies. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1997;10:104-110.
Huang J, Yu H, Marin E, Brock S, Carden D, Davis T. Physicians' weight loss counseling in two public hospital primary care clinics. Acad Med. 2004;79:156-161.
Sargent GM, Forrest LE, Parker RM. Nurse delivered lifestyle interventions in primary health care to treat chronic disease risk factors associated with obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2012;13:1148-1171.
Bunting BA, Smith BH, Sutherland SE. The Asheville Project: clinical and economic outcomes of a community-based long-term medication therapy management program for hypertension and dyslipidemia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008;48:23-31.
Institute of Medicine. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.
Kushner RF. Barriers to providing nutrition counseling by physicians: a survey of primary care practitioners. Prev Med. 1995;24:546-552.
Foster GD, Wadden TA, Makris AP, et al. Primary care physicians' attitudes about obesity and its treatment. Obes Res. 2003;11:1168-1177.
Calfas KJ, Long BJ, Sallis JF, Wooten WJ, Pratt M, Patrick K. A controlled trial of physician counseling to promote the adoption of physical activity. Prev Med. 1996;25:225-233.
Galuska DA, Will JC, Serdula MK, Ford ES. Are health care professionals advising obese patients to lose weight? JAMA. 1999;282:1576-1578.
Shanks LC, Moore SM, Zeller RA. Predictors of cardiac rehabilitation initiation. Rehabil Nurs. 2007;32:152-157.
Kilgore EA, Mandel-Ricci J, Johns M, et al. Making it harder to smoke and easier to quit: the effect of 10 years of tobacco control in New York City. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e5-e8.
Andreyeva T, Long MW, Brownell KD. The impact of food prices on consumption: a systematic review of research on the price elasticity of demand for food. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:216-222.
Powell LM, Chriqui JF, Khan T, Wada R, Chaloupka FJ. Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: a systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes. Obes Rev. 2013;14:110-128.
Thow AM, Jan S, Leeder S, Swinburn B. The effect of fiscal policy on diet, obesity and chronic disease: a systematic review. Bull World Health Org. 2010;88:609-614.
Wang YC, Coxson P, Shen YM, Goldman L, Bibbins-Domingo K. A penny-per-ounce tax on sugar-sweetened beverages would cut health and cost burdens of diabetes. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31:199-207.
Barry CL, Niederdeppe J, Gollust SE. Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages: results from a 2011 national public opinion survey. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44:158-163.
Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadians' perceptions of, and support for, potential measures to prevent and reduce childhood obesity: final report. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Ipsos Reid; 2011.
Stewart O, Moudon AV, Claybrooke C. Multistate evaluation of safe routes to school programs. Am J Health Promot. 2014;28(3 Suppl):S89-S96.
Mendoza JA, Watson K, Baranowski T, Nicklas TA, Uscanga DK, Hanfling MJ. The walking school bus and children's physical activity: a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e537-e544.
Parker KM, Rice J, Gustat J, Ruley J, Spriggs A, Johnson C. Effect of bike lane infrastructure improvements on ridership in one New Orleans neighborhood. Ann Behav Med. 2013;45 Suppl 1:S101-S107.
Fernandes MM, Sturm R. The role of school physical activity programs in child body mass trajectory. J Phys Act Health. 2011;8:174-181.
Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C, Newhouse D. The impact of state physical education requirements on youth physical activity and overweight. Health Econ. 2007;16:1287-1301.
Low-Risk Diet and Lifestyle Habits in the Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction in Men: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:1299-1306.
Alcohol and CVD: The Tippling Point. Medscape. Jun 19, 2014.
Barriers to Patients' Heart Health Beyond Physician Control. Medscape. Mar 20, 2014.
Åkesson A, Larsson SC, Discacciati A, Wolk A. Low-risk diet and lifestyle habits in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction in men: A population-based prospective cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:1299-1306. Abstract
Agha G, Loucks EB, Tinker LF, et al. Healthy lifestyle and decreasing risk of heart failure in women: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1777-1785. Abstract
Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: The ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:2222-2231. Abstract
Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Lau DH, et al. Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: The ARREST-AF cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:2222-2231.
Abed HS, Samuel CS, Lau DH, et al. Obesity results in progressive atrial structural and electrical remodeling: Implications for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:90-100.
Mahajan R, Brooks AG, Shipp N, et al. AF and obesity: Impact of weight reduction on the atrial substrate. Heart Rhythm Society 2013 Scientific Sessions; May 9, 2013 Denver, CO.
Abed HS, Wittert GA, Leong DP, et al. Effect of weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor management on symptom burden and severity in patients with atrial fibrillation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 310:2050-2060.
Iwasaki YK, Kato T, Xiong F, et al. Atrial fibrillation promotion with long-term repetitive obstructive sleep apnea in a rat model. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:2013-2023.
Prevalence of a Healthy Lifestyle Among Individuals With Cardiovascular Disease in High-, Middle- and Low-Income CountriesThe Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study FREE. JAMA. 2013;309(15):1613-1621. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.3519.
Lorien E. Urban, PhD; Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc; Christine E. Gary, MS; Jamie L. Fierstein, MS; Ashley Equi, BS; Carolyn Kussmaul, BS; Gerard E. Dallal, PhD; Susan B. Roberts, PhD. The Energy Content of Restaurant Foods Without Stated Calorie Information. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;():1-8. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6163.
Chris Kaiser, Cardiology Editor, MedPage Today. Heart-Healthy Living Cuts Cancer Risk. March 19, 2013
Penny Murata, MD, Laurie Barclay, MD, 2012 USPSTF Updates Guidelines on Healthy Lifestyle for CVD Prevention CME/CE. Ann Intern Med. Published online June 25, 2012.
Suzuki T, Kohro T, Hayashi D, Yamazaki T, Nagai R. Frequency and Impact of Lifestyle Modification in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: The Japanese Coronary Artery Disease (JCAD) Study. Am Heart J 2012;163:268-273.
Liana S. Lianov, MD, MPH. From Medscape Public Health > Perspectives in Prevention From the American College of Preventive Medicine. Prescribing Lifestyle Medicine. 08/15/2011
http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1626795_1627112_1626457,00.html
ACC Communications. Friday, June 29, 2007. recp.mkt32.net/ctt?kn=25&m=363785&r=NzE1Mjc4MjY5S0&b=0&j=Mjg3NzYyMjES1&mt=1
https://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/1454084
Department of Psychiatry, Center for Weight and Eating Disorders; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; 3535 Market St, Suite 3029; Philadelphia, PA 19104. Correspondence: Thomas A. Wadden (wadden@mail.med.upenn.edu)
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives. The ARIC investigators. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129(4):687‐702.
Fried LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, et al. The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale. Ann Epidemiol 1991;1(3):263‐76.
Look AHEAD Research Group. Look AHEAD: Action for Health in Diabetes: Design and methods for a clinical trial of weight loss for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Control Clin Trials 2003;24:610‐28.
Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M, Flanders D, Pamuk E, Byers T. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23(10):1499‐504.
Luepker RV, Apple FS, Christenson RH, et al. Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: A statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation 2003;108(20):2543‐9.
Brancati FL, Evans M, Furberg CD, et al. Midcourse correction to a clinical trial when the event rate is underestimated: the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Study. Clin Trials 2012;9(1):113‐24.
Bray G, Gregg E, Haffner S, et al. Baseline characteristics of the randomised cohort from the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2006;3(3):202‐15.
Appel LJ, Espeland M, Whelton PK, et al. Trial of Nonpharmacologic Intervention in the Elderly (TONE): Design and rationale of a blood pressure control trial. Ann Epidemiol 1995;5(2):119‐29.
Torjesen PA, Birkeland KI, Anderssen SA, Hjermann I, Holme I, Urdal P. Lifestyle changes may reverse development of the insulin resistance syndrome. The Oslo Diet and Exercise Study: a randomized trial. Diabetes Care 1997;20(1):26‐31.
Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001‐7.
Kim K, DeMets DL. Sample size determination for group sequential clinical trials with immediate response. Statist Med 1992;11:1391‐9.
Slud E, Wei LJ. Two‐sample repeated significance tests based on the modified Wilcoxon statistic. J Am Stat Assoc 1982;77:862‐8.
Tsiatis AA. Repeated significance testing for a general class of statistics used in censored survival analysis. J Am Statist Assoc 1982;77:862‐8.
O'Brien PC, Fleming TR. A multiple testing procedure for clinical trials. Biometrics 1979;35:549‐ 56.
Lan KKG, DeMets DL. Discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials. Biometrika 1983;70:659‐ 63.
Lan KKG, Wittes JT. The B‐value: a tool for monitoring data. Biometrics 1988;44:579‐85.
Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Saydah S, et al. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without
diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes
Care 2012;35(6):1252‐7.
Look AHEAD Research Group. The Look AHEAD study: A description of the lifestyle intervention
and the evidence supporting it. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14(5):737‐52.
Jaffe AS, Babuin L, Apple FS. Biomarkers in acute cardiac disease: The present and the future. Journal of the Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48(1):1‐11.
WD, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, et al. Stroke incidence and survival among middle‐ aged adults: 9‐year follow‐up of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke 1999;30(4):736‐43.
Adams HP, Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 1993;24(1):35‐41.
Curb JD, McTiernan A, Heckbert SR, et al. Outcomes ascertainment and adjudication methods in the Women's Health Initiative. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13(9 Suppl):S122‐8.
The Look AHEAD Research Group. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1212914
N Engl J Med 2013. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1212914
JAMA 2012;308:2489-96. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe1306987
Meaningful, Long-term Weight Loss Is Possible: Look AHEAD. Medscape. Jan 02, 2014.
Mark A. Espeland, Impact of an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Use and Cost of Medical Services Among Overweight and Obese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: The Action for Health in Diabetes.
The American Journal of Medicine. The Long-term Effectiveness of a Lifestyle Intervention in Severely Obese Individuals. Volume 126, Issue 3 , Pages 236-242.e2, March 2013
Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes. June 24, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1212914
Charles P. Vega, MD. Look AHEAD in Print: Lifestyle Intervention Improves CV Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes CME. 10/04/2010; Valid for credit through 10/04/2011
Fuzhong Li, PhD; Peter Harmer, PhD, MPH; Kathleen Fitzgerald, MD; Elizabeth Eckstrom, MD, MPH; Laura Akers, PhD; Li-Shan Chou, PhD; Dawna Pidgeon, PT; Jan Voit, PT; Kerri Winters-Stone, PhD. Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Tai Ji Quan Intervention vs a Multimodal Exercise. Intervention to Prevent Falls Among Older Adults at High Risk of Falling A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA September 10, 2018
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/04/04/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032432
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/23/2483
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2727997
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/907464?src=wnl_edit_tpal&uac=69692CG&impID=1914288&faf=1
https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/video-player/16976645?utm_source=silverchair&utm_campaign=jama_network&utm_content=video&cmp=1&utm_medium=email
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/04/04/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032432
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897581?nlid=122953_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_180605_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1650015&faf=1#vp_1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897447?nlid=122953_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_180605_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1650015&faf=1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30227-X
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/900610?nlid=124357_4502&src=wnl_dne_180814_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1711704&faf=1#vp_1
http://cp.neurology.org/content/early/2018/05/30/CPJ.0000000000000460
Association of “Weekend Warrior” and Other Leisure Time Physical Activity Patterns With Risks for All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality. JAMA Intern Med 2017;Jan 9:[Epub ahead of print].
JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH. The Amount of Exercise Needed to Reduce All-Cause Mortality. February 15, 2017.
O'Donovan G, Lee IM, Hamer M, Stamatakis E. Association of "weekend warrior" and other leisure time physical activity patterns with risks for all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Jan 9. [Epub ahead of print]
Oja P, Kelly P, Pedisic Z, et al. Associations of specific types of sports and exercise with all-cause and cardiovascular-disease mortality: a cohort study of 80,306 British adults. Br J Sports Med. 2016 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/886257?nlid=118154_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_170929_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1445759&faf=1
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/878600?nlid=114117_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_170414_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1328823&faf=1#vp_1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/890679?nlid=119806_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_180102_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1524679&faf=1
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/863658?nlid=105473_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_160524_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1107233&faf=1
International Mobile-Health Intervention on Physical Activity, Sitting, and Weight: The Stepathlon Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;Apr 3:[Epub ahead of print].
Physical Activity in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Implications for the Clinician. Heart 2016;102:904-909.
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/865374?src=WNL_confwrap_160629_MSCPEDIT&uac=69692CG
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/866587?nlid=108660_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_160729_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1169716&faf=1
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2816%2930370-1/fulltext
Leisure Time Physical Activity and Mortality: A Detailed Pooled Analysis of the Dose-Response Relationship. JAMA Intern Med 2015;Apr 6:[Epub ahead of print].
Dose of Jogging and Long-term Mortality: The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Peter Schnohr, MD, DMSC, James H. O'Keefe, MD, Jacob L. Marott, MSC, Peter Lange, MD, DMSC, Gorm B. Jensen, MD, DMSC. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(5):411-419.
Michael O'Riordan, Short, Easy—Not Strenuous—Jogging Gives Biggest Survival Gain: Analysis. February 02, 2015
Vidoni ED, Johnson DK, Morris JK, et al. Dose-response of aerobic exercise on cognition: a community-based, pilot randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0131647.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(5):472-481. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.058
Gregory A. Nichols, PhD. PLOS Medicine. 2014;11:e1001602. April 14, 2014
Shuval K, Finley CE, Barlow CE, Gabriel KP, Leonard D, Kohl HW 3rd. Mayo Clin Proc 2014;Jul 8:[Epub ahead of print].
Elin Ekblom-Bak, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm; Gregg Fonarow, M.D., professor, cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Samantha Heller, M.S., R.D., senior clinical nutritionist, exercise physiologist, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City; Oct. 28, 2013, British Journal of Sports Medicine, online
DeFina LF, Willis BL, Radford NB, et al. The Association Between Midlife Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels and Later-Life Dementia: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:162-168.
Steven Reinberg. Only 1 in 5 Americans Gets Enough Exercise: CDC. THURSDAY, May 2
Steven Reinberg. Brisk Walking Equals Running for Heart Health: Study. HealthDay Reporter. April 4
Kate Kelland. For pre-diabetics, just 2,000 steps a day cuts heart attack risk. Thu, Dec 19 2013
J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1027-1040. Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes: Practical Challenges and Diagnostic DilemmasQibin Qi, Ph.D., research fellow, department of nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Ruth Loos, Ph.D., professor and director, Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City; March 14, 2012, presentation, American Heart Association's Epidemiology and Prevention/Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism 2012 Scientific Sessions, San Diego
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012; 59:665-672, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.013
Fast walking, jogging reduced disease warning signs, but daily stroll did not. online journal BMJ Open. Oct. 8
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-6Cite or Link Using DOI
Published Online: 16 August 2011
Lancet 2011;Aug 16:[Epub ahead of print].
http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038422/-/DC1.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011; 57:1604-1610, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.056
Lee DC ; Sui X ; Artero EG ; Lee IM ; Church TS ; McAuley PA ; Stanford FC ; Kohl HW ; Blair SN 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208. lee23@mailbox.sc.edu. Long-term effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men: the aerobics center longitudinal study. 2011; 124(23):2483-90 (ISSN: 1524-4539)
Andrea K. Chomistek; Stephanie E. Chiuve; Majken K. Jensen; Nancy R. Cook; Eric B. Rimm. 11/15/2011; Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise®. 2011;43(10):1884-1890. © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine
Title: The Joint Effects of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Women Topic: Prevention/Vascular Date Posted: 5/9/2008 Author(s): Weinstein AR, Sesso HD, Lee IM, et al. Citation: Arch Intern Med 2008;168:884-890. Clinical Trial: No
J Am Coll Cardiol, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.012 (Published online 10 November 2008)
ACC 53rd Annual Scientific Session: Session 876-1. Presented March 7, 2004.
William L. Haskell; I-Min Lee; Russell R. Pate; Kenneth E. Powell; Steven N. Blair; Barry A. Franklin; Caroline A. Macera; Gregory W. Heath; Paul D. Thompson; Adrian Bauman. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1423-1434. ©2007 American College of Sports Medicine. Posted 08/22/2007
Miriam E. Nelson; W. Jack Rejeski; Steven N. Blair; Pamela W. Duncan; James O. Judge; Abby C. King; Carol A. Macera; Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1435-1445. ©2007 American College of Sports Medicine. Posted 08/24/2007
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000232 http://circ.ahajournals.org
Spring B, Pellegrini CA, McFadden HG, et al. Clinical trial of a mobile health intervention for simultaneous versus sequential diet and activity change. AHA 2015. American Heart Association 2015 Scientific Sessions; November 9, 2015; Orlando, FL. Abstract 20989
Spring B, Schneider K, McFadden HG, et al. Multiple behavior change in diet and activity: a randomized controlled trial using mobile technology. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172:789–796. Article
Keyserling TC, Sheridan SL, Draeger LB, et al. A Comparison of Counseling With a Web-Based Lifestyle and Medication Intervention to Reduce Coronary Heart Disease Risk: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2014;May 26:[Epub ahead of print].
Duke University, news release, Nov. 18, 2013. Texting Your Way to Weight Loss. Nov. 21, 2013
Eric L Ding1; Marta R Prescott2; Kathleen T Watson2; Nancy Bui2; Leila Makarechi2; Daniel E Zoughbie2. Abstract 009: Microclinic Social Network Lifestyle Intervention for Weight Loss and Obesity Management: A 10-Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Burke LE, Styn MA, Conroy MB, et al. Adherence to weight loss treatment across three self-monitoring approaches and the association with weight change. EPI|NPAM 2012; March 15, 2012; San Diego, CA. Abstract 026.
Appel JL, Clark JM, Yeh H-C, et al. Comparative effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2011; DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1108660. Available at: http://www.nejm.org.
Yanovski SZ. Obesity treatment in primary care--are we there yet? N Engl J Med 2011; DOI:10.1056/nejme1111487. Available at: http://www.nejm.org.
Lawrence J. Appel, M.D., M.P.H., Jeanne M. Clark, M.D., M.P.H., Hsin-Chieh Yeh, Ph.D., Nae-Yuh Wang, Ph.D., Janelle W. Coughlin, Ph.D., Gail Daumit, M.D., M.H.S., Edgar R. Miller, III, M.D., Ph.D., Arlene Dalcin, R.D., Gerald J. Jerome, Ph.D., Steven Geller, M.D., Gary Noronha, M.D., Thomas Pozefsky, M.D., Jeanne Charleston, R.N., Jeffrey B. Reynolds, M.S., Nowella Durkin, Richard R. Rubin, Ph.D., Thomas A. Louis, Ph.D., and Frederick L. Brancati, M.D., M.H.S. Comparative Effectiveness of Weight-Loss Interventions in Clinical Practice. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1959-1968November 24, 2011
(10.1056/NEJMe1111487) was published on November 15, 2011, at NEJM.org.
Wadden TA; Volger S; Sarwer DB; Vetter ML; Tsai AG; Berkowitz RI; Kumanyika S; Schmitz KH; Diewald LK; Barg R; Chittams J; Moore RH Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. wadden@mail.med.upenn.edu. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(21):1969-79 (ISSN: 1533-4406)
Rena R. Wing, Ph.D., Deborah F. Tate, Ph.D., Amy A. Gorin, Ph.D., Hollie A. Raynor, Ph.D., and Joseph L. Fava, Ph.D. A Self-Regulation Program for Maintenance of Weight Loss. Oct 2006
Appel LJ et al. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1959-1968.
REDUCTION IN THE INCIDENCE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES WITH LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION OR METFORMIN . N Engl J Med 2002; 346:393-403
Lancet 2009; 374: 1677–86. DOI:10.1016/S0140- 6736(09)61457-4
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403. Abstract
Ackermann RT, Finch EA, Brizendine E, Zhou H, Marrero DG. Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program into the community. The DEPLOY Pilot Study. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35:357-363. Abstract
Ackermann RT, Finch EA, Caffrey HM, Lipscomb ER, Hays LM, Saha C. Long-term effects of a community-based lifestyle intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes: the DEPLOY extension pilot study. Chronic Illn. 2011;7:279-290. Abstract
Am J Prev Med. 2008; 35(4):357-63 (ISSN: 0749-3797) Ackermann RT ; Finch EA ; Brizendine E ; Zhou H ; Marrero DG
Charles P. Vega, MD. Lifestyle-Based Diabetes Prevention Seen to Endure for at Least a Decade. 11/06/2009; Valid for credit through 11/06/2010
Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories. doi: 10.1111/obr.12699.
Lancet Public Health 2018; 3: e419–28. August 16, 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S2468-2667(18)30135-X
Renata Micha, RD, PhD; Jose L. Peñalvo, PhD; Frederick Cudhea, PhD; Fumiaki Imamura, PhD; Colin D. Rehm, PhD; Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH. Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2017;317(9):912-924. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.0947
NIH Publication No. 06-5834 December 2006
National Cholesterol Education Program. Second Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cho- lesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; 1993. NIH Publication No. 93-3095.
de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999; 99:779 –785.
Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, Deadman NM. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet. 1989;2:757–761.
2. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, Laxmi B, Singh R, Ghosh S, Niaz MA. Randomised controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction: results of one year follow-up. BMJ. 1992;304:1015–1019.
3. de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Guidollet J, Touboul P, Delaye J. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich
diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994;343:
1454 –1459.
de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Monjaud I, Delaye J. The diet heart hypothesis in
secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:
14 –18.
Gilman MW, Cupples LA, Gagnon D, Posner BM, Ellison RC, Castelli
WP, Wolf PA. Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development
of stroke in men. JAMA. 1995;273:1113–1117.
Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ,
Willett WC. Vegetable, fruit and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary
heart disease among men. JAMA. 1996;275:447– 451.
Key TJ, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Burr ML. Dietary habits and mor- tality in 11000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17
year follow up. BMJ. 1996;313:775–779.
Albert CM, Hennekens CH, O’Donnell CJ, Ajani UA, Carey VJ, Willett
WC, Ruskin JN, Manson JE. Fish consumption and risk of sudden death.
JAMA. 1998;279:23–28.
Daviglus ML, Stamler J, Orencia AJ, Dyer AR, Liu K, Greenland P,
Walsh MK, Morris D, Shekelle RB. Fish consumption and the 30-year
risk of fatal myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1046–1053.
Robinson K, Arheart K, Refsum H, Brattstro ̈m T, Boers G, Ueland P, Rubba P, Palma-Reis R, Meleady R, Daly L, Witteman J, Graham I. Low circulating folate and vitamin B6 concentrations: risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary heart disease. Circulation.
1998;97:437– 443.
Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Folate and cardiovascular disease: why we need
a trial now. JAMA. 1996;275:1929 –1930.
Verhaar MC, Wever RM, Kastelein JJ, van Dam T, Koomans A, Rabelink
TJ. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the active form of folic acid, restores en- dothelial function in familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 1998;97: 237–241.
Wever RM, Lu ̈scher TF, Cosentino F, Rabelink TJ. Atherosclerosis and the two faces of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 1998;97: 108 –112.
de Lorgeril M. Dietary arginine in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;37:560 –563.
de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Mamelle N, Monjaud I, Touboul P, Delaye J. Effect of a Mediterranean-type of diet on the rate of cardio- vascular complications in coronary patients: insights into the cardiopro- tective effect of certain nutriments. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28: 1103–1108.
de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Caillat-Vallet E, Monjaud I, Hanauer MT, Mamelle N. Control of bias in dietary trial to prevent coronary recur- rences: the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997;51:116–122.
17. Zelen M. A new design for randomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 1979;300:1242–1245.
18. Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis JA, Collins R, Sleight P. Beta-blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985;27:335–371.
19. Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Nifedipine: dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1995;92: 1326 –1331.
20. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Stampfer M, Willett WC. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ. 1996;313:84–90.
21. Billman GE, Hallaq H, Leaf A. Prevention of ischemia-induced ventric- ular fibrillation by 3 fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91: 4427– 4430.
22. Katan MB. Fish and heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1024–1025. 23. Leaf A. Cardiovascular effects of fish oils. Circulation. 1990;82:
624 – 628.
24. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is relationship between serumcholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factors Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA. 1986;256: 2823–2828.
25. Verschuren WMM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BPM, Kromhout D, Menotti A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Nedeljkovic S, Nissinen A, Toshima H. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. JAMA. 1995;274:131–136.
26. Fraser GE, Strahan TM, Sabate ́ J, Beeson L, Kissinger D. Effect of traditional coronary risk factors on rates of incident coronary events in a low-risk population: the Adventist Health Study. Circulation. 1992;86: 406 – 413.
27. Kannel WB, Anderson K, Wilson PWF. White blood cell count and cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. JAMA. 1992;267:1253–1256.
28. Buja LM, Willerson JT. Role of inflammation in coronary plaque dis- ruption. Circulation. 1994;89:503–505.
29. de Lorgeril M, Basmadjian A, Lavalle ́e M, Cle ́ment R, Millette D, Rousseau G, Latour JG. Influence of leukopenia on collateral flow, reperfusion flow, reflow ventricular fibrillation, and infarct size in dogs. Am Heart J. 1989;117:523–532.
30. Kuzuya T, Hoshida S, Suzuki K, Sasaki T, Kitabatake A, Kamada T, Minamino T, Tada M. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity and ven- tricular arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1988; 62:868 – 872.
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/910589?nlid=128931_5205&src=wnl_dne_190322_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1914849&faf=1
http://time.com/5085711/best-diets-for-2018/
https://health.usnews.com/best-diet/best-diets-overall
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/895063?nlid=121796_4502&src=wnl_dne_180412_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1605583&faf=1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/890620?nlid=120590_2825&src=WNL_mdplsnews_180209_mscpedit_imed&uac=69692CG&spon=18&impID=1555375&faf=1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/892520?src=WNL_infoc_180301_MSCPEDIT_gast_exp&uac=69692CG&impID=1570782&faf=1#vp_3
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/894041?src=WNL_infoc_180324_MSCPEDIT&uac=69692CG&impID=1585903&faf=1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/898953_1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/892576?nlid=120754_4641&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_180220_mscpedit_wir&uac=69692CG&spon=17&impID=1563938&faf=1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897275?nlid=122847_4502&src=wnl_dne_180529_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1644143&faf=1#vp_3
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/900742?nlid=124465_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_180817_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1715062&faf=1#vp_2
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/871064?nlid=110314_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_161101_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1226372&faf=1#vp_2
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/886575?nlid=118242_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_171006_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1451108&faf=1
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1613502
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/882638?nlid=116439_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_170711_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1387227&faf=1#vp_1
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/876697?nlid=113892_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_170404_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1322367&faf=1
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/879702?nlid=115238_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_170530_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1357733&faf=1
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/885973
http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/4/411
http://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2016/05/05/07/45/diet-and-heart-disease-what-every-cardiologist-should-know?w_nav=ACCUpdate&w_pub=ACCUpdate160513&WT.mc_ev=EmailOpen
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/103/4/979.full
https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/executive-summary/
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Linked to a Variety of Ills. J Am Coll Cardiol. Published online September 28, 2015.
Vasanti S. Malik, ScD∗; Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD, Fructose and Cardiometabolic HealthWhat the Evidence From Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tells Us. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(14):1615-1624. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.025
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011
Yanping Li, PhD; Adela Hruby, PhD, MPH; Adam M. Bernstein, MD, ScD; Sylvia H. Ley, PhD; Dong D. Wang, MD; Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD; Laura Sampson, RD; Kathryn M. Rexrode, MD, MPH; Eric B. Rimm, ScD, Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH, Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD, Saturated Fats Compared With Unsaturated Fats and Sources of Carbohydrates in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart DiseaseA Prospective Cohort StudyJ Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(14):1538-1548. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.055
Kwok CS, Boekholdt SM, Lentjes MA, et al. Habitual Chocolate Intake and Cardiovascular Risk, 2015
Michael O'Riordan, Forget Cholesterol, but Cut Sugar: New Dietary Recommendations Make Some Changes. Feb 2015
Diane E Threapleton, Darren C Greenwood, Charlotte E L Evans, Christine L Cleghorn, Camilla Nykjaer, Charlotte Woodhead, Janet E Cade, Christopher P Gale,Victoria J Burley. Dietary Fibre Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. BMJ 2014
Orlich MJ, Singh PN, Sabaté J, et al. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intern Med 2013;Jun 3:[Epub ahead of print].
James H. O'Keefe, MD, Salman K. Bhatti, MD, Harshal R. Patil, MD, James J. DiNicolantonio, PHARMD, Sean C. Lucan, MD, MPH, MS, Carl J. Lavie, MD. Effects of Habitual Coffee Consumption on Cardiometabolic Disease, Cardiovascular Health, and All-Cause Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(12):1043-1051.
Charles P. Vega, MD. Animal-Based Low-Carbohydrate Diet Linked to Higher All-Cause Mortality Rates. 09/08/2010; Valid for credit through 09/08/2011.
Horvath K ; Jeitler K ; Siering U ; Stich AK ; Skipka G ; Gratzer TW ; Siebenhofer A EBM Review Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. karl.horvath@meduni-graz.at. Long-term effects of weight-reducing interventions in hypertensive patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168(6):571-80 (ISSN: 0003-9926)
Désirée Lie, MD, MSEd. Slashing Carbs Cuts Medication Use, Improves or Reverses Type 2 Diabetes, Study Says. January 16, 2009; Valid for credit through January 16, 2010
Svetkey LP ; Stevens VJ ; Brantley PJ ; Appel LJ ; Hollis JF ; Loria CM ; Vollmer WM ; Gullion CM ; Funk K ; Smith P ; Samuel-Hodge C ; Myers V ; Lien LF ; Laferriere D ; Kennedy B ; Jerome GJ ; Heinith F ; Harsha DW ; Evans P ; Erlinger TP ; Dalcin AT ; Coughlin J ; Charleston J ; Champagne CM ; Bauck A ; Ard JD ; Aicher K ; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke Hypertension Center and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. Svetk001@mc.duke.edu. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008; 299(10):1139-48 (ISSN: 1538-3598)
Penny Kris-Etherton, PhD, RD; Robert H. Eckel, MD; Barbara V. Howard, PhD; Sachiko St. Jeor, PhD, RD; Terry L. Bazzarre, PhD; for the Nutrition Committee, Population Science Committee, and Clinical Science Committee of the American Heart AssociationLyon Diet Heart Study. Benefits of a Mediterranean-Style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease. 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Circulation is available at http://www.circulationaha.org 1823
Crystal Phend, Senior Associate Editor, MedPage Today. ESC: PURE Buries Controversy, Advocates for 'Balanced Diet'. August 28, 2018
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897009_5
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/884937?src=wnl_tp10n_170907_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1427789&faf=1#vp_1
O'Donnell MJ, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:612-623.
Mente A, O'Donnell MJ, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:601-611.
Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2014; DOI:CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006032. Abstract
Cobb LK, Anderson CAM, Elliott P, et al. Methodological issues in cohort studies that relate sodium intake to cardiovascular disease outcomes. Circulation 2014; DOI:10.1161/?CIR.0000000000000015. Abstract
Mente A, O'Donnell MJ, Dagenais G, et al. Validation and comparison of three formulae to estimate sodium and potassium excretion from a single morning fasting urine compared to 24-h measures in 11 countries. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1005-1014. Abstract
Feng J He, Graham A MacGregor. Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: Meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2011; 378:380-382. Abstract
Oparil S. Low sodium intake: Cardiovascular health benefit or risk? N Engl J Med 2014; 371:677-679.
Estruch R et al. N Engl J Med 2013. DOI: 10.1056?NEJMoa1200303
N Engl J Med 2013. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303
N Engl J Med 2018;378:e34. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389
www.MediterraneanBook.com
Ann Intern Med. doi:10.7326/M16-0361
N Engl J Med 2013. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303
https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2019/03/06/WNL.0000000000007243
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-018-0237-8
New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/877042?nlid=113317_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_170310_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1305804&faf=1
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/869505?nlid=109603_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_160930_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1207277&faf=1
Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in a Global Study of High-Risk Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease. Eur Heart J 2016;Apr 24:[Epub ahead of print].
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/864447?nlid=106127_3861&src=WNL_mdplsfeat_160607_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1120346&faf=1#vp_2
Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Prediction of Incident Stroke. Stroke 2015;Jan 27:[Epub ahead of print].
CMAJ October 14, 2014 First published October 14, 2014, doi: 10.1503/cmaj.140764
Ann Intern Med 2006;145:1-11.
Ruiz-Canela M, Estruch R, Corella D, et al. Association of Mediterranean diet with peripheral artery disease: The PREDIMED randomized trial. JAMA 2014; 311:415-417.
Stefanos Kales, M.D., M.P.H., associate professor, medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; Connie Diekman, R.D., M.Ed., director, university nutrition, Washington University, St. Louis, and author, The Everything Mediterranean Diet Book; Feb. 4, 2014, PLoS One, online
Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(1):1-10-10. doi:10.7326/M13-1725
Cécilia Samieri, PhD; Qi Sun, MD, ScD; Mary K. Townsend, ScD; Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD; Olivia I. Okereke, MD; Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH; Meir Stampfer, MD, DrPH; and Francine Grodstein, ScD. The Association Between Dietary Patterns at Midlife and Health in Aging: An Observational Study. November 2013.
N Engl J Med 2013;368:1279-1290.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;May 13:[Epub ahead of print].
J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:1299-313. Abstract
Charles P. Vega, MD. Mediterranean Diet May Slow Cognitive Decline With Age CME/CE. 01/13/2011; Valid for credit through 01/13/2012
Christina-Maria Kastorini, MSc; Haralampos J. Milionis, MD, PhD; Aggeliki Ioannidi, MSc; Kallirroi Kalantzi, MD; Vassilios Nikolaou, MD; Konstantinos N. Vemmos, MD; John A. Goudevenos, MD, PhD; Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, PhD. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Relation to Acute Coronary Syndrome or Stroke Nonfatal Events. 11/15/2011; American Heart Journal. 2011;162(4):717-724. © 2011 Mosby, Inc.
Salas-Salvadó. J, Bullo M, Babio N et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean Diet: Results of the PREDIMED-Reus Nutrition Intervention Randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2010: DOI:10.2337/dc10-1288. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org. Abstract
Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, et al. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease.
Hien T. Nghiem, MD. Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity Linked to Lower Alzheimer's Risk. JAMA. 2009;302:627–637, 638–648, 686–687.
Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Anatomy of health effects of Mediterranean diet: Greek EPIC prospective cohort study. BMJ; 2009: 338:b2337.
Salas-Salvadó J, Fernández-Ballart J, Ros E, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts on metabolic syndrome status. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2449-2458.
Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000;894:1-253.
Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA 1994;272:205-211. [Abstract]
Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2006;113:898-918. [Free Full Text]
Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007;297:969-977. [Erratum, JAMA 2007;298:178.] [Free Full Text]
Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-1623. [Free Full Text]
Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-2090. [Free Full Text]
Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-785. [Free Full Text]
Yancy WS Jr, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, Bakst RP, Westman EC. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-777. [Free Full Text]
Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:43-53. [Free Full Text]
Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:285-293. [Erratum, Arch Intern Med 2006;166:932.] [Free Full Text]
Covas MI, Nyyssönen K, Poulsen HE, et al. The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:333-341. [Free Full Text]
Serra-Majem L, Roman B, Estruch R. Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2006;64:Suppl 1:S27-S47. [CrossRef][Medline]
McManus K, Antinoro L, Sacks F. A randomized controlled trial of a moderate-fat, low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1503-1511. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004;292:1440-1446. [Free Full Text]
Malik VS, Hu FB. Popular weight-loss diets: from evidence to practice. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007;4:34-41. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Dansinger ML, Tatsioni A, Wong JB, Chung M, Balk EM. Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counseling for weight loss. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:41-50. [Free Full Text]
Thomas H. Obesity prevention programs for children and youth: why are their results so modest? Health Educ Res 2006;21:783-795. [Free Full Text]
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1183-1197. [ISI][Medline]
Mayer-Davis EJ, Sparks KC, Hirst K, et al. Dietary intake in the Diabetes Prevention Program cohort: baseline and 1-year post randomization. Ann Epidemiol 2004;14:763-772. [CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-2299. [Free Full Text]
Willett WC, Skerrett PJ. Eat, drink, and be healthy: The Harvard Medical School guide to healthy eating. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
Atkins RC. Dr. Atkins' new diet revolution. New York: Avon, 2002.
Shai I, Vardi H, Shahar DR, Azrad BA, Fraser D. Adaptation of international nutrition databases and data-entry system tools to a specific population. Public Health Nutr 2003;6:401-406. [ISI][Medline]
Shai I, Rosner BA, Shahar DR, et al. Dietary evaluation and attenuation of relative risk: multiple comparisons between blood and urinary biomarkers, food frequency, and 24-hour recall questionnaires: the DEARR study. J Nutr 2005;135:573-579. [Free Full Text]
Shai I, Shahar DR, Vardi H, Fraser D. Selection of food items for inclusion in a newly developed food-frequency questionnaire. Public Health Nutr 2004;7:745-749. [ISI][Medline]
Chasan-Taber S, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals. Epidemiology 1996;7:81-86. [ISI][Medline]
Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:9 Suppl:S498-S504. [ISI][Medline]
Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Stem MP. The homeostasis model in the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1087-1092. [Abstract]
Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007;335:1194-1199. [Free Full Text]
Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006;17:4-12. [ISI][Medline]
Schwenke DC. Insulin resistance, low-fat diets, and low-carbohydrate diets: time to test new menus. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005;16:55-60. [ISI][Medline]
Lara-Castro C, Garvey WT. Diet, insulin resistance, and obesity: zoning in on data for Atkins dieters living in South Beach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4197-4205. [Free Full Text]
Okie S. The employer as health coach. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1465-1469. [Free Full Text]
Charles Vega, MD. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet May Ward Off Diabetes CME. June 3, 2008
Désirée Lie, MD, MSEd. Mediterranean Diet May Reduce Mortality in Elderly CME. 2005
N Engl J Med. Volume 359(3):229-241. July 17, 2008
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/892859?nlid=120810_4502&src=wnl_dne_180221_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1564499&faf=1#vp_2
https://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/Summary-third-expert-report.pdf
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014; published online before print November 11 2014, doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723
Marion Franz, MS, RD, nutrition consultant, Minneapolis, Minn.
Andrea Giancoli, MPH, RD, Los Angeles registered dietitian and spokeswoman, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
Sachiko St. Jeor, PhD, RD, professor of clinical medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno.
David Katz, MD, MPH, founding director, Yale University Prevention Research Center.
Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:859-873.
Katan MB. Weight-loss diets for the prevention and treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:923-924.
consumerreports.org
Désirée Lie, MD, MSEd. Low-Carb Diets Safe and Effective for Weight Loss CME/CE. JAMA. 2007;297:969-977.
https://www.medpagetoday.com/cardiology/prevention/74507?xid=nl_mpt_DHE_2018-08-10&eun=g391445d0r&pos=11&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Daily%20Headlines%202018-08-10&utm_term=Daily%20Headlines%20-%20Active%20User%20-%20180%20days
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/880596?nlid=116574_3922&src=WNL_mdplsnews_170714_mscpedit_card&uac=69692CG&spon=2&impID=1389449&faf=1
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30467-6/abstract
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/870333?src=wnl_tp10j_161215_mscpedit&uac=69692CG&impID=1254681&faf=1
Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium intake and all-cause mortality over 20 years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68:1609-1617. Abstract
Mente A, O'Donnell MJ, Yusuf S. How robust is the evidence for recommending very low salt intake in entire populations? J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68:1618-1621. Editorial
O'Donnell MJ, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:612-623.
Mente A, O'Donnell MJ, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:601-611.
Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2014; DOI:CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006032. Abstract
Cobb LK, Anderson CAM, Elliott P, et al. Methodological issues in cohort studies that relate sodium intake to cardiovascular disease outcomes. Circulation 2014; DOI:10.1161/?CIR.0000000000000015. Abstract
Mente A, O'Donnell MJ, Dagenais G, et al. Validation and comparison of three formulae to estimate sodium and potassium excretion from a single morning fasting urine compared to 24-h measures in 11 countries. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1005-1014. Abstract
Feng J He, Graham A MacGregor. Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: Meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2011; 378:380-382. Abstract
Oparil S. Low sodium intake: Cardiovascular health benefit or risk? N Engl J Med 2014; 371:677-679.
1 Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004.
2 Kochanek KD, Xu J, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung H-C. Deaths: final data for 2009. Nat Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60(3). Available from www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_03.pdf.
3 He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004(3):CD004937.
4 Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–52.
5 Office of the Federal Register. Food labeling; mandatory status of nutrition labeling and nutrient content revision. Final rule. 58 CFR 2079 (1993).
6 U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th edition. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010.
7 U.S. Department of Agriculture. What we eat in America. Available from www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=18349.
8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: food categories contributing the most to sodium consumption—United States, 2007–2008. MMWR. 2012;61(5):92–8.
9 Burton S, Creyer E, Kees J, Huggins K. Attacking the obesity epidemic: The potential health benefits of providing nutrition information in restaurants. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1669–75.
10 Office of the Federal Register. Food labeling; nutrition labeling of standard menu items in restaurants and similar retail food establishments. Proposed rule. 21 CFR Parts 11 and 101 (2011). Available from www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-04-06/html/2011-7940.htm.
11 Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, Moran A, Lightwood JM, Pletcher MJ, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:590–9.
Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, Crowe F, Ward HA, Johnson L, et al. Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:398-406.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31812-9/fulltextort
Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. Dietary goals for the United States. 1st edn. Washington: US Govt Print Off, 1977.
National Advisory Committee on Nutritional Education (NACNE). A discussion paper on proposals for nutritional guidelines for health education in Britain, 1983.
Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. I. The study program and objectives. Circulation 1970;41(4 Suppl):I1–8.
Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Summary. Circulation 1970;41(4 Suppl):I186–95..
Barton S. Which clinical studies provide the best evidence? The best RCT still trumps the best observational study. BMJ 2000;321:255–6.
Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, et al. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: the Finnish Mental Hospital Study. Int J Epidemiol 1979;8:99–118.
Miettinen M, Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, et al. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease in women: the Finnish mental hospital study. Int J Epidemiol 1983;12:17–25.
Truswell AS. Review of dietary intervention studies: effect on coronary events and on total mortality. Aust N Z J Med 1994;24:98–106.
Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Higgins JPT, et al. Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review. BMJ 2001;322:757–63.
Mozaffarian D, Micha R, Wallace S. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2010;7:e1000252.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:1006–12.
National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). Journals and databases. Secondary Journals and databases. 2014. http://www.library.nhs.uk/help/resource
SIGLE System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe. Grey Literature Network Service. Secondary Grey Literature Network Service Founded. 1992. http://www.opengrey.eu/about/greyliterature
Rose GA, Thomson WB, Williams RT. Corn oil in treatment of ischaemic heart disease. BMJ 1965;1:1531–3.
Research Committee. Low-fat diet in myocardial infarction: a controlled trial. Lancet 1965;2:501–4.
Medical Research Council. Controlled trial of soya-bean oil in myocardial infarction: Report of a research committee to the Medical Research Council. Lancet 1968;292:693–700.
Dayton S, Pearce ML, Hashomoto S, et al. A Controlled clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1969;40:(1S2):II-1–II-63. .
Leren P. The effect of plasma-cholesterol-lowering diet in male survivors of myocardial infarction. A controlled clinical trial. Bull N Y Acad Med 1968;44:1012–20.
Leren P. The Oslo Diet-Heart Study. Circulation 1970;42:935–42.
Woodhill JM, Palmer AJ, Leelarthaepin B, et al. Low fat, low cholesterol diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 1978;109:317–30.
Christakis G, Rinzler SH, Archer M, et al. Effect of the anti-coronary club program on coronary heart disease risk-factor status. JAMA 1966;198:597–604.
de Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother 2009;55:129–33.
Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629–34.
Sterne JAC, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JPA, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011;343:d4002.
Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011;Version 5.1.0.
Comprehensive Meta Analysis Version 2 [program]. 2 version. Englewood, NJ: Biostat 2005.
Bresson J-L. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies on a request from Unilever PLC/NV on Plant Sterols and lower/reduced blood cholesterol, reduced the risk of (coronary) heart disease. EFSA J 2008;781:1–12.
United Stated Census Bureau. U.S. Resident Population, 1977.
Office for National Statistics. Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-1982 to Mid-1990 Population Estimates for England & Wales. Office for National Statistics, 2003.
CBS News. Exchange between Dr Robert Olson and Senator George McGovern from The United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. Washington, 26 July 1977.
DiNicolantonio JJ. The cardiometabolic consequences of replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates or Ω-6 polyunsaturated fats: Do the dietary guidelines have it wrong? Open Heart 2014;1:e000032.
Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, et al. Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids With Coronary Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:398–406.
The Central Committee for Medical Community Program of the American Heart Association Ad Hoc Committee on Dietary Fat Atherosclerosis, Page IH, Allen EV, et al. Dietary fat and its relation to heart ttacks and strokes. Circulation. 1961;23:133-136.
Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1491-1499. Abstract
McGee DL, Reed DM, Yano K, Kagan A, Tillotson J. Ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu Heart Program. Relationship to nutrient intake. Am J Epidemiol. 1984;119:667-676. Abstract
Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, et al. Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:398-406. Abstract
Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:535-546. Abstract
Malhotra A. Saturated fat is not the major issue. BMJ. 2013;347:f6340.
Lawrence GD. Dietary fats and health: dietary recommendations in the context of scientific evidence. Adv Nutr. 2013;4:294-302.
Clifton P. We need more data before rejecting the saturated fat hypothesis. BMJ. 2013;347:f6847.
Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S76-S99. Abstract
Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Dietary saturated fats and their food sources in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:1001-1008. Abstract
Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1146-1155. Abstract
Prado KB, Shugg S, Backstrand JR. Low-density lipoprotein particle number predicts coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic adults at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5:408-413. Abstract
Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM. Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:46-63. Abstract
de Oliveira Otto MC, Mozaffarian D, Kromhout D, et al. Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:397-404. Abstract
de Oliveira Otto MC, Nettleton JA, Lemaitre RN, et al. Biomarkers of dairy fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease in the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000092.
Forouhi NG, Koulman A, Sharp SJ, et al. Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:810-818.
Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006;295:655-666. Abstract
Jakobsen MU, O'Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, et al. Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1425-1432. Abstract
Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. Meat consumption and mortality--results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Med. 2013;11:63.
Kaluza J, Akesson A, Wolk A. Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and risk of heart failure: prospective study of men. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7:552-557. Abstract
Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al; American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121:586-613. Abstract
Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, et al; DASH Research Group. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:80-89. Abstract
Harsha DW, Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, et al. Effect of dietary sodium intake on blood lipids: results from the DASH-sodium trial. Hypertension. 2004;43:393-398. Abstract
Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, et al; OmniHeart Collaborative Research Group. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;294:2455-2464. Abstract
Farvid MS, Ding M, Pan A, et al. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2014;130:1568-1578. Abstract
Johnson BD, Padilla J, Harris RA, Wallace JP. Vascular consequences of a high-fat meal in physically active and inactive adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36:368-375. Abstract
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131:e29-e322. Abstract
Eckel RH. Role of glycemic index in the context of an overall heart-healthy diet. JAMA. 2014;312:2508-2509. Abstract
National Cancer Institute. Sources of saturated fat, stearic acid, & cholesterol raising fat among the US population, 2005-06. Applied Research Cancer Control and Population Sciences. Updated April 11, 2014. http://appliedresearch.cancer.gov/diet/foodsources/sat_fat/ Accessed February 2, 2015.
BMJ 2015;351:h3978
CV Risk and Saturated Fats: The Debate Roils On. Medscape. Mar 17, 2014.